Characterization of wheat-triticale doubled haploid lines by cytological and biochemical markers

Five wheat-triticale doubled haploid (DH) lines— M08, V209, DH220-14-2, DH696-3-4 and M16 —derived from anther culture of F₁s resulting from crosses involving hexaploid or octoploid triticale × hexaploid wheat, were characterized by cytological and biochemical markers. Cytological evidence from genomic in situ hybridization and C-banding indicated that DH lines M08 and V209 (2n= 42) each contained a pair of 1BL/1RS translocation chromosomes. DH220-14-2 (2n= 42) was also a translocated line with two pairs of chromosomes containing small fragments of rye. One of the translocation fragments carried the Sec-1R gene originating from the satellite region of 1RS; the origin of the other one remains unknown. DH696-3-4 (2n= 42) contained a 3D(3R) substitution. In M16 (2n= 44), three pairs of rye chromosomes, 3R, 4R and 6R, were present, 4R as an addition and 3D(3R) and 6D(6R) as substitutions. Biochemical, isozyme and storage protein markers confirmed the cytological conclusions. The advantages of transferring alien chromosomes or chromosome fragments into wheat and creating alien aneuploid lines by anther culture of hybrid F¹s are discussed.     

我国稻瘟病菌对水稻新品种(系)、新组合的致病性评价

为探明我国稻瘟病菌对近年来育成的部分水稻新品种(系)、新组合的致病力,用来自浙江、四川、湖北、广东、云南、吉林、北京等7个省(市)的92个稻瘟病菌菌株测定了39个水稻新品种(系)或新组合的抗性,分析了稻瘟病菌的致病力和品种的抗病性。结果表明,不同稻区稻瘟病菌菌株对籼、粳、杂交稻的致病力存在明显差异。筛选出一批毒力频率在20%以下,抗性较好的籼、粳稻新品种(系)和杂交稻新组合。同时用联合致病性系数和联合抗病性系数分析了病菌和品种的群体互作以及抗瘟新品种(系)、新组合的利用价值。     

Depth, temperature and salinity preferences of newly recruited penaeid shrimps in Kuwait waters

Associations between catches and depth, temperature and salinity data obtained from the 1994–97 preseason shrimp trawl surveys in Kuwait waters were analysed using cumulative distribution functions and overlap coefficients. No single environmental factor had a controlling influence on shrimp distribution. Shrimp associations with the joint distributions of two environmental variables were stronger and more consistent over time than those with any single environmental factor. All three shrimp species examined in this study were significantly associated with the joint distributions of depth and temperature, and depth and salinity, indicating depth as the most influential factor in structuring the shrimp distributions during the surveys. Metapenaeus affinis and Parapenaeopsis stylifera were distributed at similar ranges of depth (8–15 m), temperature (26–31°C) and salinity (35–41‰), and had very high overlap coefficients. These two species can be categorized as co-occurring species in the sampled area. Penaeus semisulcatus had the widest range of the three environmental variables investigated in this study, particularly depth (8–32 m) and temperature (24–32°C).     

鲤低氧适应性状的全基因组关联分析

低氧适应是水产养殖物种的重要性状,筛选用于改良低氧适应性状的分子标记及候选基因有助于鱼类耐低氧品种选育.在数量性状和质量性状的遗传研究中,全基因组关联分析(GWAS)广泛应用于性状相关标记和基因的发掘.本研究对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)养殖群体开展了低氧胁迫实验,选取了低氧敏感和低氧耐受的极端性状个体作为研究...     

大口黑鲈肌肉生长抑制素基因单核苷酸多态性位点的筛选及其与生长性状关联性分析

采用PCR-SSCP和PCR-RFLP技术对大口黑鲈肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)基因全序列进行了SNPs位点筛选和分型,共筛选到2个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)位点(C-1453T和T+33C),其中C-1453T位于启动子E8 box和Octamer(＋)调控元件之间的区域,T+33C的突变位于第一外显子区域,属于同义突变,氨基酸没有发生变化;利用一般线性模型分析单标记位点与大口黑鲈生长性状(体重、体长、体高、体宽和眼间距)相关性,均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。将2个SNPs位点不同基因型组合成6种双倍型(去掉频率小于3%的组合),关联分析表明,双倍型D2在体重、体长、体高、体宽和眼间距的均值均高于其它双倍型,而双倍型D5在体重、体长、体高、体宽和眼间距的均值均低于其它双倍型,双倍型D2与D5之间在5个主要生长性状均存在差异显著(P＜0.05),推测双倍型D2对生长性状起正相关,而双倍型D5与大口黑鲈的生长性状呈负相关,因此推断MSTN基因突变位点双倍型D2与D5可作为大口黑鲈生长性状的两个标记位点,用其分子标记位点来辅助大口黑鲈育种工作以期加快育种进程。     

Bodenentwicklung am Rande oligotropher Moore im Raum Berlin

Soil development in the surrounding of oligotrophic mires in the Berlin region Polygenetic soils, surrounding oligotrophic kettle hole mires in the valley and aeolian sand areas of the Berlin region, were investigated. The typical soil catena is formed by the sequence of Ombric Histosol (Niedermoor), Ombric Histosol/Albi‐gleyic Podzol (Moor‐Podsol‐Gley), Albi‐gleyic Podzol (Nasspodsol‐Gley), Gleyic Podzol (Podsol‐Gley), and Dystri‐gleyic Arenosol (Gley‐Podsol‐Braunerde) (German soil classifications in parenthesis). Field and laboratory work showed, that the investigated soils were strongly related to each other and that their development depends on the trophy of the mire and groundwater fluctuations during the Holocene. Compared with the Bh‐horizon of terrestrial soils the Gh‐horizon is nearly free of Fe and Mn, but very rich in pedogenic Al‐oxides and rich in organic matter. The genesis of the soils is explained as follows: 1. The development of different Gleyic Podzols was due to rise of groundwater. Consequently the Bh and Bs horizons of Podzols surrounding the mire were converted to Gh and Gr horizons. 2. Humic substances and Al in the Gh and Gr horizons were not re‐mobilized due to the rise of groundwater, whereas Fe and Mn were reduced and removed by groundwater. 3. At the periphery of the mire Fe was enriched in the Go horizon of the Gley‐Podzols but not Mn. 4. The fact that the mire is completely surrounded by Podzol‐Gleys, indicates, that movement of the groundwater from the central parts of mires towards the periphery is an essential pedogenetic factor.     

Dissecting the genetic basis of maize deep-sowing tolerance by combining association mapping and gene expression analysis

Deep-sowing is an important method for avoiding drought stress in crop species, including maize. Identifying candidate genes is the groundwork for investigating the molecular mechanism underlying maize deep-sowing tolerance. This study evaluated four traits (mesocotyl length at 10 and 20 cm planting depths and seedling emergence rate on days 6 and 12) related to deep-sowing tolerance using a large maize population containing 386 inbred lines genotyped with 0.5 million high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genome-wide association study detected that 273 SNPs were in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the genetic basis of maize deep-sowing tolerance. The RNA-sequencing analysis identified 1 944 and 2 098 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in two comparisons, which shared 281 DEGs. By comparing the genomic locations of the 273 SNPs with those of the 281 DEGs, we identified seven candidate genes, of which GRMZM2G119769 encoded a sucrose non-fermenting 1 kinase interactor-like protein. GRMZM2G119769 was selected as the candidate gene because its homologs in other plants were related to organ length, auxin, or light response. Candidate gene association mapping revealed that natural variations in GRMZM2G119769 were related to phenotypic variations in maize mesocotyl length. Gene expression of GRMZM2G119769 was higher in deep-sowing tolerant inbred lines. These results suggest that GRMZM2G119769 is the most likely candidate gene. This study provides information on the deep-sowing tolerance of maize germplasms and identifies candidate genes, which would be useful for further research on maize deep-sowing tolerance.     

基于关联规则面向对象的海岸带海水养殖模式遥感识别

针对目前海水养殖模式遥感识别中的效率低,"同物异谱"、"异物同谱"和"椒盐"噪声等问题,该文研究了关联规则分类和面向对象相结合的养殖模式遥感识别方法,通过不同养殖模式的对象分割和关联规则的自动和智能获取,来构建海水养殖模式分类器。以高分一号PMS1卫星影像为数据源,把不同养殖模式对象的光谱、空间形态和纹理特征及其关联关系作为事务数据,使用Apriori算法挖掘类别作为后件的强规则,对粤东柘林湾养殖核心区内4种海水养殖模式(池塘养殖、网箱养殖、滩涂插养、浮筏吊养)水面信息进行提取。结果表明:基于关联规则面向对象的海水养殖模式分类精度能达到88.65%,比K-近邻法面向对象法精度提高了14.38个百分点,比关联规则挖掘分类法精度提高了12.16个百分点。关联规则分类和面向对象结合方法拓宽了传统逻辑推理分类方法中获取信息的途径,使分类更加自动化和智能化,且分类精度得到显著提高,可以成为海岸带海水养殖复杂模式识别的有效支持手段。     

竹林复合经营研究和发展现状

竹林复合经营是适应我国竹产业发展中满足竹资源产品多元化需求的重要发展方向之一,旨在提高竹林及林地空间资源利用率,从追求竹材、竹笋等单一的竹林产品逐步转向多元化产品产出,实现竹林经济效益与生态功能协同发展。文中综述了当前国内外竹林复合经营研究和发展现状,分析了现有经营模式及存在的问题,在此基础上指明要加强竹林林下野生动植物资源开发利用,研究套种物种间互作关系,优化竹林复合经营技术模式与综合评价,培育健康的产业发展模式等今后研究重点和应用方向。     

Genomewide association analysis of salt tolerance in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Salinity is a common abiotic stress causing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield loss worldwide. The use of tolerant cultivars is an effective and economic approach to coping with this stress. Towards this, research is needed to identify salt‐tolerant germplasm and better understand the genetic and molecular basis of salt tolerance in soybean. The objectives of this study were to identify salt‐tolerant genotypes, to search for single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and QTLs associated with salt tolerance. A total of 192 diverse soybean lines and cultivars were screened for salt tolerance in the glasshouse based on visual leaf scorch scores after 15–18 days of 120 mM NaCl stress. These genotypes were further genotyped using the SoySNP50K iSelect BeadChip. Genomewide association mapping showed that 62 SNP markers representing six genomic regions on chromosomes (Chr.) 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 18, respectively, were significantly associated with salt tolerance (p < 0.001). A total of 52 SNP markers on Chr. 3 are mapped at or near the major salt tolerance QTL previously identified in S‐100 (Lee et al., 2014). Three SNPs on Chr. 18 map near the salt tolerance QTL previously identified in Nannong1138‐2 (Chen, Cui, Fu, Gai, & Yu, 2008). The other significant SNPs represent four putative minor QTLs for salt tolerance, newly identified in this study. The results above lay the foundation for fine mapping, cloning and molecular breeding for soybean salt tolerance.