Trypsin enzyme activity during larval development of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed on live feeds

Larval stages of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) were fed standard live diets of mixed microalgae from the first to the third protozoea (PZ1 to PZ3), followed by Artemia nauplii until post‐larvae 1 (PL1). Trypsin enzyme activity for each larval stage was determined using N‐α‐p‐toluenesulphonyl‐l ‐arginine methyl ester (TAME) as a substrate. Results were expressed as enzyme content to assess ontogenetic changes during larval development. Tissue trypsin content (IU µg^?1 DW for each larval stage) was significantly highest at the PZ1 stage and declined through subsequent stages to PL1. This contrasts with previously observed patterns of trypsin development in Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus) and other penaeid genera, which exhibit a peak in trypsin activity at the third protozoea/first mysis (PZ3/M1) larval stage. Litopenaeus vannamei larvae transferred to a diet of Artemia at the beginning of the second protozoea (PZ2) stage were significantly heavier on reaching the first mysis stage (M1) than those fed algae, while survival was not significantly different between treatments. At both PZ2 and PZ3 stages, trypsin content in larvae feeding on Artemia was significantly lower than in those feeding on algae. The rapid decline in trypsin content from PZ1 and the flexible enzyme response from PZ2 suggest that L. vannamei is physiologically adapted to transfer to a more carnivorous diet during the mid‐protozoeal stages.     

Rearing of pike-perch larvae using formulated diets – first success with starter feeds

The present study evaluated the performance of two commercial diets: AgloNorse (AN) and BioKyowa (BK), and two experimental, formulated diets based on casein (C) or casein plus casein hydrolysates (CH) in rearing of pike‐perch larvae (Sander lucioperca L.). All fish were 5 day old and control group was fed live Artemia nauplii. Fish were sampled periodically for histological comparison of morphological changes in the digestive tracts. Survival of fish fed Artemia nauplii, BK and AN was similar: 54.4%, 50.8% and 52.4%, respectively, while the fish fed formulated diets C and CH showed considerably lower survival: 28.4% and 21.6% respectively. After 5 weeks of rearing, the average body mass of fish ranged from 212±32 mg in Artemia fed group to 53.8±6.8 mg in C diet fed group. A considerable vacuolization of supranuclear zone in enterocytes of posterior intestine was observed in the larvae fed commercial diets. No anomalies in liver development were found. Hepatocytes of fish fed BK diet showed larger glycogen storage areas, compared with those occupied by lipids. The highest zymogen accumulation of pancreatic cytoplasm was observed in fish fed Artemia. In fish fed C and CH diets, anomalies in digestive system development were indicated by lower and less numerous intestinal folds, smaller hepatocytes, retarded development of gastric glands, and in CH group – also local fatty degeneration of liver.     

三角帆蚌消化系统扫描电镜观察

三角帆蚌消化系统扫描电镜观察欧阳珊，吴小平，邓宗觉，刘月英（南昌大学，３３００４７）（中科院动物研究所，北京１０００８０）关键词三角帆蚌，消化系统，扫描电镜ＳＥＭＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＴＨＥＤＩＧＥＳＴＩＶＥＳＹＳＴＥＭＯＦＨＹＲＩＯＰＳＩＳＣＵ...     

怀头鲇、鲇及其杂交F↓（1）肝、胰脏胚后发育及卵黄吸收方式

利用形态学和组织连续切片技术,对怀头鲇（Silurus soldatovi）、鲇（Silurus asotus）及其杂交F1的肝、胰脏胚后发育和卵黄吸收方式进行对比观察.结果表明,3种鲇出膜后约2天在心脏后方有一肝细胞团,3天后肝细胞团逐步增大,4天后肝分叶.以后随着各种鲇生长速度不同肝、胰脏发育程度也不同.3种鲇的胰脏均为紧凑型,卵黄囊依照先卵黄球、后脂肪的顺序被吸收,3种鲇只有怀头鲇和杂交F1代卵黄吸收方式相同.出膜后4天,各鲇的卵黄均被全部吸收,腹腔上部大部分空间为肝脏占有,同时腹腔内出现结构简单的胃及肠.研究还发现肝脏的发育与卵黄囊密切有关.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：460-465]     

饥饿和再投喂对美国红鱼消化器官组织学的影响

用石蜡切片方法观察和分析饥饿和再投喂对美国红鱼(Sciaenopsocellatus)消化器官形态结构和组织学的影响。鱼样体重(8.25±0.5)g,体长(8.84±0.27)cm。从形态结构看,饥饿与再投喂前后食道无明显变化,而饥饿10、15d的实验鱼胃壁变薄,幽门盲囊变小,肠管收缩,呈透明状,肝胰腺萎缩,呈姜黄色,胆管呈深绿色。从组织结构看,食道无明显变化;饥饿时间不同,各组织受损害和恢复程度不同。饥饿5d的实验鱼基本同对照组;而饥饿10、15d的实验鱼组织变化较明显:皱襞和上皮细胞高度均减少,分泌颗粒减少。胃腺细胞收缩,结构不完整;幽门盲囊长度和直径变小;肠直径变小,微绒毛退化;肝组织致密,肝细胞内脂滴减少,体积缩小;胰腺泡缩小,排列不规则。再投喂各主要结构均有所恢复,有些恢复到饥饿前水平,但大部分未能达到。     

蛋白水平对F2代斑节对虾幼虾生长 及消化酶活力的影响

研究了饲料蛋白水平对F2代（针对饲料蛋白水平选育）斑节对虾幼虾生长和消化酶活力的影响。试验设 计7 个饲料蛋白质水平组（34%、36%、38%、40%、42%、44%、46%）,对选育F2代斑节对虾幼虾（2.84依0.04 g）进行48 d 养殖。结果表明,F2代斑节对虾幼虾在38%饲料蛋白组的增重率和特定生长率均为最高,且饵料系数最低;在34%饲 料蛋白组蛋白质效率最高,与36%、38%饲料蛋白组无显著差异,但显著高于40%及以上的各饲料蛋白水平组;成活 率表现为低蛋白组（34%~42%）显著高于高蛋白组（44%、46%）。斑节对虾常规营养成分受饲料蛋白水平影响,全虾粗 蛋白含量随着饲料蛋白水平的升高呈现出上升趋势,但肌肉中各组的粗蛋白含量无显著差异;全虾粗脂肪含量随着 饲料蛋白水平的升高呈现下降的趋势。胃蛋白酶表现为34%饲料蛋白组最高,随着蛋白质含量的升高而呈现出先上 升后下降再上升的波动,与肝脏蛋白酶的含量显示为波动互补的趋势;胃中淀粉酶的含量均高于肝脏,但胃淀粉酶 在各组间无显著差异;胃和肝脏脂肪酶随着蛋白含量的升高总体表现为下降的趋势。综合生长数据、常规营养成分 和消化酶活力等指标得出,38%饲料蛋白水平较为适宜选育F2代斑节对虾幼虾生长,针对低蛋白水平饲料的选育是 有效的。     

J-11 菌剂对肉鸡肠道消化酶活性 及生长性能的影响

研究了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) J-11 菌剂对肉鸡肠道5 种消化酶活力及生长性能的影响。选用3 日龄仔肉鸡2 000 只,平均随机分成两组,即对照组和添加组。添加组3~21 日龄期间在基础日粮中添加0.1%J-11 菌 剂,对照组不添加J-11 菌剂。结果表明,饲料中添加0.1% J-11 菌剂后,可使肉鸡粪便中琢-淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶 和纤维素酶的平均酶活力分别提高44.02%、45.99%、58.37%和45.73%,茁-葡聚糖酶的活力无显著变化;肉鸡平均日 增重提高13.00%,料重比降低11.0%。停饲J-11 菌剂后,添加组粪便中消化酶活力和肉鸡平均日增重等指标逐渐接 近对照组。J-11 菌剂具有提高肉鸡肠道多种消化酶活力,增加饲料转化率,改善肉鸡生长性能的作用。     

Morphological development of post hatch larval goldlined seabream Rhabdosargus sarba (Forskål, 1775)

Ultrastructural changes in Rhabdosargus sarba larva in early life history were investigated. At hatching, the digestive system was histologically undifferentiated. The digestive tract was a straight tube attached to the dorsal end of the yolk‐sac and was not connected to either the mouth or the anus. The layer of gut epithelium at some regions of the luminal surface was straight and microvilli were not present. These straight borders were not observed at 1 day post hatching (DPH) onwards as microvilli increased in number on the luminal surface and became more regular. At 2 DPH, the digestive system was well differentiated and the separation of the mid‐ and hindgut by the intestino‐rectal valve became more advanced. At 0 DPH, the eye was spherical and the retina had a zonation with undifferentiated cells. The eye also lacked differentiated photoreceptors (PR). The retinal PRs increased in length and in number as the yolk‐sac was absorbed. By 2 DPH, the eye was fully pigmented, suggesting that the larval vision system was functional. The larvae had a pure cone retina at the onset of exogenous feeding. Morphological and functional differentiation of the digestive tract and the eye of the larvae preceded the completion of yolk and oil globule absorption. The oil globule was exhausted at 4 DPH and at 2 DPH, the yolk‐sac was completely absorbed. Food particles were observed at 3 DPH. Food particle ingestion and absorption of the yolk‐sac were observed as vision became fully functional.     

西伯利亚鲟消化道形态学和组织学的初步研究

对人工养殖2龄西伯利亚鲟消化道的形态解剖学和显微组织学结构进行了观察。研究结果表明,西伯利亚鲟的消化道从前至后分为口咽腔、食道、胃、幽门盲囊、十二指肠、瓣肠和直肠,食道与胃的分界不明显,形成一个"食道-胃过渡区",胃分为贲门部、胃体部和幽门部。组织学研究显示:西伯利亚鲟的消化道由内向外一般分为粘膜、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜四层。其中食道粘膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,含杯状细胞和粘液细胞。"食道-胃过渡区"已有腺体存在。胃上皮细胞为单层柱状上皮细胞,无杯状细胞,胃的粘膜表面有许多上皮凹陷形成的胃小凹,幽门部的胃小凹较贲门部和胃体部深;贲门部和胃体部中含有大量的胃腺,幽门部无胃腺。幽门盲囊的管腔内被向内深入的肌层分割成许多完全或不完全的囊腔;粘膜褶皱和褶皱上的绒毛纵横交错,形成网状。肠上皮均为单层柱状上皮,上皮细胞间分布有大量的杯状细胞;粘膜褶皱的高度和数量、杯状细胞的数量从前至后递减:十二指肠粘膜褶皱细而高,上有许多绒毛;瓣肠粘膜和粘膜下层向管腔内突出并卷曲,形成螺旋瓣;直肠的粘膜褶皱矮且宽。