自动采棉机表面几何特性与数控加工技术分析

为进一步提高自动采棉机各部件加工与装配精度,实现采棉机作业效率与作业寿命的提升,以自动采棉机的组成结构及作业原理为基础,针对表面几何特性与数控加工技术进行分析。依据自动采摘机实际作业过程中出现的摘锭磨损等故障,给出自动采棉机零部件的数控加工工序模型,运用UG软件三维建模同时进行层次化的加工工艺流程设计及走刀算法优化。以自动采棉机核心部件数控加工系统结构为基准,给定准确的数控代码与加工控制信息,经余量优化误差补偿完成一次加工设计,在特定的虚拟加工环境下进行数控加工仿真试验,结果表明:融入了多规则加工技术核心算法,该型采棉机核心部件的加工误差整体得到降低,且平均提升效果达81.76%,其中锥面长度的加工误差提升效果最好,可达84.42%。该试验分析可为自动采棉机的整机发展提供一定优化思路,具有很好的推广意义。     

Efficiency of presence-absence sampling used to estimate the mean abundance of fish eggs

ABSTRACT:   Statistical properties of estimators relating to the mean abundance of fish eggs were investigated using the data from the presence-absence sampling (PAS) and counting sampling (CS). PAS, which focuses on the presence-absence of eggs in a sample, is more cost-effective yet is unlikely to give more precise estimates than CS, which counts the number of eggs. But when limitations are given on the sampling cost and number of sampling stations, PAS may have advantages. This study shows that the mean square error (MSE) of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) based on PAS may become smaller than the MSE of the MLE based on counting data when the number of observations for PAS becomes larger. The observation number for PAS is determined, which minimizes the MSE of a combined estimator from the two MLE under a restriction of the total cost of observation. A dual problem is also solved. It is shown that MSE of the MLE in PAS is a monotone increasing function of the oversight probability. PAS becomes more informative as the distribution of the number of eggs is more aggregated.     

中国长江流域冬麦区小麦品种试验精确度回溯分析

为全面评价长江流域小麦品种区域试验精确度的发展水平,分析了2011—2021年度中国长江流域冬麦区单年单点和一年多点小麦区域试验的试验精确度和品种比较精确度,对产量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、生育期、株高、基本苗和最高茎数等性状的试验精确度差异进行了比较。结果表明,长江流域冬麦区单年单点品种试验精确度较好,试验误差变异系数(CEV)在5%和10%以下的试点数占比分别在60%和95%以上,但品种比较精确度(RLSD_0.05)在3%以下的试验比例不到10%,长江上游和中下游单点品种试验RLSD_0.05在10%以下的试点数分别占比约60%和90%。一年多点区域试验精确度和品种比较精确度显著优于单年单点试验,上游和中下游试验平均CEV分别在8%和5%以下。采用试点固定模型时,长江上游和中下游试验平均RLSD_0.05分别为2.19%和1.49%,符合国家小麦品种审定标准对品种比较精确度的要求;但采用试点随机模型时,小麦品种试验尚无法鉴别出品种间3%的产量差异。试验对生育期、株高、基本苗、千粒重和穗数的RLSD_0.05优于产量性状,而最高茎数和穗粒数的RLSD_0.05较低。     

低循环风速下木材表层水分蒸发的试验研究

木材干燥过程中,介质循环速度是一个影响木材干燥的重要工艺参数.在木材各含水率阶段,通过试验分析研究不同介质循环速度对木材干燥速度的影响.结果表明,介质循环速度对干燥速度的影响显著,但其影响随木材含水率（MC）的降低而减弱.在低介质循环速度条件下,试件MC大于45％时,表现为木材干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）随循环风速的增加而增加,呈显著正相关关系;试件MC介于35％ ～ 45％之间时,正相关关系存在但不显著;试件MC小于35％时,干燥室内循环风速的大小不影响木材的干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）.对试件表层含水率分析,试件表层含水率大于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响显著;试件表层含水率小于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响很小,不同循环风速下试件表层含水率基本一样.     

LSM算法评定空间直线度误差的分析与改进

为了有效地提高评定空间直线度误差的精度,运用几何学、误差理论和最优化原理,深入分析了LSM算法在空间直线度误差评定中所存在的原理缺陷;并改进了LSM算法,提出了改进LSM算法的数学模型.对改进LSM算法编制程序进行了数字实验,结果表明:改进LSM算法克服了LSM算法的原理缺陷,具有较高的精度.     

基于Delaunay三角网的GNSS控制网闭合环自动搜索算法研究及应用

计算GNSS控制网的同步环和异步环的闭合差是衡量GNSS控制网测量精度的重要依据,然而某些商业GNSS软件不能完全搜索所有闭合环.在建立Delaunay三角网基础上,提出了一种新的GNSS控制网闭合环自动搜索算法,并根据此算法采用C#语言编写软件.结果表明,该算法实现了GNSS控制网所有闭合环的闭合差快速计算和检核,提高了GNSS控制网测量精度,丰富了农业生产实践作业效率.     

钻孔误差产生原因及防止方法探究

职业学校钳工实习教学的钻孔是钳工专业一项重要基本操作技能,要求进行系统的技能和技巧训练,掌握加工要求较高的孔及位置精度的方法。但由于钻孔中的累积误差很难完全消除,钻孔的位置精度也就很难保证,因此如何消除或减少钻孔的误差是钳工实习教学中的难点和终点。文章从钻孔误差产生的原因和防止方法两个角度出发,探索了钳工实习教学中,如何消除或减少钻孔误差的教育教学生产实践。     

Combining field and control team assessments to obtain error estimates for surveys of crown condition

Three field teams undertook a survey of crown transparency in Switzerland in 1993. A fourth team (control) also visited a subset of the trees that had already been visited by the field teams and reported estimates for the same. The problem of estimating the proportion (P_c) of trees with total crown transparency at least equal to a (fixed) level c is addressed. The method assumes that the control team estimate is an unbiased estimate of P_c and therefore if the expected difference between a field team estimate and the control team estimate is non‐zero then the field team estimate is biased. This assumption is most likely to be met in those countries or areas where the control team consists of the instructors. When this assumption cannot be met, as long as the bias of the control team remains the same over the years, the estimates of P_c from different years can still be used to study, for example, whether there is any temporal trend in P_c . A weighted average of the bias‐corrected field team estimates is used to determine the confidence limits. The method is applied to the Swiss national forest damage inventory data from the year 1993. The same approach can also be taken for estimating the proportion of cases where a random variable X, qualitative (such as the social position of a tree) or quantitative (such as the diameter of a tree at breast height), assumes values in a particular set.