生防菌组合防控精品西瓜枯萎病的效果初探

[目的]筛选出对精品西瓜枯萎病具有防效的生防菌组合.[方法]将实验室筛选的5种生防菌株23(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)、25(Exiguobacterium acetylicum)、28(B.pumilus)、37(B.licheniformis)、156(B.cereus)分别进行复配获得...     

Commercial development of Trichoderma species for control of soil-borne vegetable diseases and their integration into standard crop management practices

A 10 year research programme at Lincoln University, investigating the use of Trichoderma species for biological control of soil-borne diseases of vegetable crops, has resulted in the development of two commercial products. Trichodry TM. 6S and Trichoflow TM. 6S based upon Trichoderma hamatum isolate 6SR4, are used to control Sclerotinia lettuce drop disease. The Trichodry 6S product is formulated as a dry flake, which is incorporated into nursery seedling mix and the Trichoflow 6…     

烟草主要真菌病害生防木霉的筛选

对峙培养结果表明18个木霉菌株对腐霉病（Pythium spp.）、链格孢（Alternaria alternata)、烟草疫霉（Phytophthora par-asitica var.nicotianae)、立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani)和胶孢炭疽菌（Collectotrichum gloeosporioides）均有不同程度拮抗作用,其中以TR13拮抗作用最好。重寄生现象观察结果表明,TR13能够重寄生烟草疫霉、胶孢炭疽菌和立枯丝核菌。     

生防制剂与诱导植物抗病性

分析了植物生防制剂及其使用特点,重点介绍了植物生防制剂菌株的改良途径,对植物诱导抗病性概念、特点、产生机理进行了概述,同时对植物诱导抗病性的应用前景作了展望。     

木霉菌在农业中的研究与应用前景

该文综述了木霉菌分类和形态特征、生物防治作用、促进植物生长作用、诱导植物产生抗病性作用、土壤和环境的生物修复作用、在生物有机肥中的应用、构建生物工程菌株以及应用前景等各个方面研究进展。     

冰核活性细菌拮抗菌株的筛选

 从多种植物根际土壤中分离到300个细菌分离物,通过含菌平板培养筛选出F015,F023,F046等近20株对冰核细菌具有较强的拮抗力,室内测定对冰核细菌病原物抑菌圈达0.8～3.0 cm. 挑选出F015,F023,F046进一步进行室内抗菌机理、菌株鉴定和室外田间小区实验。实验结果表明,菌株初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌（Bacillus spp.）和假单胞杆菌（Pseudomonas spp.）。其代谢产物蛋白质粗提物对冰核细菌的生长有明显的抑制作用。室外防霜效果在19.5％～36.9％,可有效地控制霜冻害的发生与危害,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Development,Survival, and Reproduction of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Reared on Frankliniella invasor (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

The minute pirate bug Orius insidiosus (Say) is an important predator in mango agroecosystems. It attacks several species of thrips, particularly Frankliniella invasor Sakimura, which is considered a species of economic importance in mango. We investigated the effect of six diets on the development, survival, and reproduction of O. insidiosus: 1) first instars of F. invasor, 2) second instars, 3) adults, 4) pollen, 5) pollen plus thrips larvae, and 6) water. Individuals fed on thrips larvae, with or without pollen, completed their immature development significantly faster. Nymphs of O. insidiosus were able to complete their development feeding on pollen only, while individuals that received water as a diet were unable to reach the adult stage. The highest intrinsic growth rate was obtained when O. insidiosus were fed on pollen plus thrips larvae, and the lowest when individuals were fed on thrips adults. Our studies show that a diet of pollen plus F. invasor larvae is optimal for O. insidiosus development and population growth.     

多黏类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa菌株P1防治黄瓜霜霉病的研究

通过离体叶片筛选法,得到1株对黄瓜霜霉病原菌有较强抑制作用的多黏类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa菌株P1。通过液体发酵和剂型处理,将P1制成含量2×10⁹ cfu/mL的悬浮剂分别进行室内和大田药效测试。室内药效试验结果表明,P1-SC悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果与用药浓度呈正相关。当使用浓度为1.25×10⁷ cfu/mL时,P1悬浮剂对霜霉病的防治效果与化学农药250 g/L嘧菌酯SC的相似;当使用浓度为5.0×10⁷ cfu/mL时,防治效果显著大于嘧菌酯(P≤0.05)。2017年和2018年连续两年大田药效测试结果显示,经P1-SC处理(3000 mL/hm²)的黄瓜植株霜霉病病情指数(2.53,2.48)显著低于经250 g/L嘧菌酯SC(600 mL/hm²)处理的植株(4.33、6.22),防治效果(86.16%,89.90%)显著高于后者(76.34%、74.95%)(P≤0.05)。     

葡萄内生细菌的激活及其对霜霉病菌的抑制作用

 为了探究化学诱导剂诱导葡萄抗霜霉病的特性与葡萄内生菌激活的关系,筛选出对葡萄霜霉病有较高生防效果的菌株,本研究通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察和传统培养法,检测了葡萄茎段的内生菌,并应用4种化学诱导剂对葡萄叶片和茎段进行处理,对被激活的内生菌进行分离和生防效果的测定。结果显示,在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下均可观察到葡萄茎段内存在多种不同形态的内生细菌,但均处于不可培养状态;经不同浓度的诱导剂处理后叶片和茎段内生菌均增多,其中均以β-氨基丁酸(β-Aminobutyric acid, BABA)激活菌株数最多,诱导叶片和带叶茎段抗霜霉病效果最好,分别为80.4%和86.8%;被激活的叶片和茎段内生菌均为细菌,且多数为革兰氏阳性细菌,只有2株为革兰氏阴性细菌,其中,由BABA激活的革兰氏阴性细菌L-B-4生防效果高达97.2%,显著高于其他菌株,结合形态特征与16S rDNA序列分析,菌株L-B-4被鉴定为产氮假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas azotoformans)。本文首次发现化学诱导剂在诱导葡萄抗霜霉病的过程中对葡萄内生细菌有激活作用,且被激活菌株对葡萄霜霉病有较高的生防效果。     

两株杀虫真菌对陕西榆林草原蝗虫的防治效果

本研究对两株杀虫真菌金龟子绿僵菌QL-107和球孢白僵菌GYS-13对东亚飞蝗的毒力进行了测定,并利用其对榆林草原蝗虫进行了田间防治试验。通过室内生测发现球孢白僵菌GYS-13和金龟子绿僵菌QL-107对东亚飞蝗均具有较强的毒力,田间防治试验证明,两株杀虫真菌在山地草原对蝗虫综合防治效果达到75%以上,特别是球孢白僵菌GYS-13对坡地草原蝗虫总防治效果高达81.8%。结果表明,两株杀虫真菌具有进一步开发为微生物杀虫剂的潜力。