两株杀虫真菌对陕西榆林草原蝗虫的防治效果

本研究对两株杀虫真菌金龟子绿僵菌QL-107和球孢白僵菌GYS-13对东亚飞蝗的毒力进行了测定,并利用其对榆林草原蝗虫进行了田间防治试验。通过室内生测发现球孢白僵菌GYS-13和金龟子绿僵菌QL-107对东亚飞蝗均具有较强的毒力,田间防治试验证明,两株杀虫真菌在山地草原对蝗虫综合防治效果达到75%以上,特别是球孢白僵菌GYS-13对坡地草原蝗虫总防治效果高达81.8%。结果表明,两株杀虫真菌具有进一步开发为微生物杀虫剂的潜力。     

40种植物甲醇提取物的杀螺活性研究

对40种药用或有毒植物甲醇提取物的室内杀螺活性测定结果表明:木荷、黄姜、博落回等3种植物提取物在浓度为100mg/L时,浸杀福寿螺幼螺48h,死亡率为100%;50mg/L时,浸杀72h,死亡率为98.28%以上。其中木荷、博落回对福寿螺有良好的抑制上爬作用,具有进一步研究价值。     

无致病性腐霉的生防作用和诱导防卫反应

寡雄腐霉Pythium oligandrum作为一种重要的土传病害生防因子越来越受到关注,它能在多种重要农作物根围定殖,对20多种病原真菌或其它卵菌具有拮抗或寄生作用,并能诱导植物产生防卫反应.寡雄腐霉产生的拟激发素寡雄蛋白诱导番茄系统获得抗性,抵抗寄生疫霉Phytophthora parasitica和尖孢镰刀菌羽扇豆-番茄枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radicis-lycopersici侵入,显著降低病害的发生率.作者对寡雄腐霉的分离与鉴定、寄主种类、寄生作用、抗生作用和拟激发素寡雄蛋白诱导番茄系统获得抗性等方面的研究进行了综述.     

噬菌体用于柞蚕空胴病生物防治的研究

应用柞蚕链球菌噬菌体对作蚕空胴病进行生物防冶的结果证明:用噬菌体卵面消毒具有明显的效果,而用钠一噬菌体其效果更为明显,对蚕卵的孵化率无明显影响。大面积生产鉴定证明:蚕茧的产量可增产4倍。方法简便、安全、有效,易于推广。     

Alternative treatments for late blight control in organic potato: Antagonistic micro-organisms and compost extracts for activity againstPhytophthora infestans

Summary The effects of various fungi, bacteria and different compost extracts on foliar infection of potato (Solatium tuberosum) withPhytophthora infestans were tested in detached leaf bioassays in 2001–2003. Application of microorganism inocula and compost extracts as well as copper oxychloride to excised leaves resulted in different degrees of blight control. In general, suppression of blight lesion growth was not improved by applying the antagonists before the leaves were inoculated withPhytophthora spores. There was some evidence that extracts made from different compost feed stocks of different ages suppressed leaflet infection with blight. However, results were very limited and inconsistent. Moreover, the effects were much smaller than where copper oxychloride was used. Improved efficacy of acceptable alternatives to copper fungicides especially in organic farming is required. No promising effective alternative to the use of copper fungicides to reduce late blight infection in organic potato production systems was identified in the experiments.     

棘孢木霉菌鉴定及其对花生白绢病生防机制的研究

为了利用生防菌有效防控花生白绢病Sclerotium rolfsii,本研究采用稀释培养法从花生根际土中分离木霉菌,采用平板对峙法和盆栽试验筛选对花生白绢病具有高效生防效果的菌株并测定其生防机制,通过形态学、分子生物学技术和环境因子对发育的影响确定生防菌株的分类地位及生物学特性。结果表明,从分离的132株木霉菌中筛选出1株对齐整小核菌S. rolfsii 具有高效抑菌效果的菌株GH-20,抑菌率达89.93%,将其鉴定为棘孢木霉菌Trichoderma asperellum。对峙培养时,菌株GH-20对齐整小核菌的拮抗指数达Ⅰ级,当其菌落覆盖病原菌菌落后,其菌丝缠绕和侵入病原菌菌丝,并使病原菌菌丝体逐渐消解、减少,导致病原菌不能产生菌核;菌株GH-20产生的挥发性代谢产物（volatile gas,VOG）和非挥发性代谢产物（non-VOG）对病原菌的抑菌率分别为59.95%和79.49%。盆栽试验结果表明,同时接种菌株GH-20和齐整小核菌对花生白绢病生防效果最好,为79.64%。另外,该菌株具有在以果糖为碳源,以酵母膏为氮源和pH 7的条件下生长发育较好,光照有利于生长而光暗交替有利于孢子形成等生物学特性。生防机制研究结果显示,棘孢木霉菌GH-20主要通过竞争、重寄生作用和产生拮抗物质抑制和消解齐整小核菌,从而起到防病效果。     

Harnessing Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Beyond Nature: A Review

Root-associated plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) interact with the plant roots and influence plant health and soil fertility. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria play an important role in plant growth by exerting various mechanisms such as biological nitrogen fixation, growth hormone production, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, hydrolytic enzyme production, antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens etc. Hence, these are employed as inoculants for biofertilizer and biocontrol activities. This review summarizes various mechanisms of PGPR and their potential for use as inoculants. It shows that their use is a worthwhile approach for exploring disease management in conjunction with other strategies.     

施用生物有机肥抑制香蕉镰刀菌萎蔫病的研究

Fusarium wilt is one of the most serious diseases of banana plants caused by soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense(FOC). In this study a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different bio-organic fertilizers(BIOs) on Fusarium wilt of banana, including the investigations of disease incidence, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities of banana plants, and FOC populations as well as soil rhizosphere microbial community. Five fertilization treatments were considered, including chemical fertilizer containing the same N, P and K concentrations as the BIO(control), and matured compost mixed with antagonists Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 and Trichoderma harzianum T37(BIO1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens N6(BIO2), Bacillus subtilis N11(BIO3), and the combination of N6 and N11(BIO4). The results indicated that the application of BIOs significantly decreased the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt by up to 80% compared with the control. BIOs also significantly promoted plant growth, and increased chitinase andβ-1,3-glucanase activities by 55%–65% and 17.3%–120.1%, respectively, in the banana roots. The population of FOC in the rhizosphere soil was decreased significantly to about 104 colony forming units g-1with treatment of BIOs. Serial dilution plating and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the application of BIOs increased the densities of bacteria and actinomycetes but decreased the number of fungi in the rhizosphere soil. In general, the application of BIOs revealed a great potential for the control of Fusarium wilt disease of banana plants.     

橡胶树炭疽病生防内生菌的分离鉴定及抑菌作用研究

目前化学农药的缺点日益突显,研发环保的生防菌剂是当前绿色安全的一种方法,筛选具有抑制橡胶树炭疽病的生防菌株,为研发新型生防菌剂储备资源。本文采用组织培养法分离纯化橡胶树内生菌,平板对峙筛选拮抗菌株;通过菌株培养特征、生理生化、根据16S rRNA和gyrA基因序列构建系统发育树确定其分类地位;采用平板对峙法研究内生菌株的抗菌持久性、稳定性、广谱性;采用牛津杯法研究拮抗内生菌对杀菌剂的敏感性。从橡胶树健康的根组织中分离得到4株对橡胶树炭疽病具有抑制作用的细菌（Bac RZS3D4-1、Bac RZS3D4-2、Bac RZS3D4-3、Bac RZS3D4-4）,系统发育树分析结果显示这4株细菌与解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）亲缘关系很近,且培养性状和生理生化特征也与解淀粉芽孢杆菌相似。这4株内生菌的抗菌持久性强,抗菌稳定性好;对尖孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum acutatum）DFMP1E和MLZZP3、小孢拟盘多毛孢（Pestalotiopsis microspora）MF375898均有较强的抑菌能力,对茄类镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）XJ160901的抑制作用较弱;对多菌灵、异菌脲、百菌清、苯醚甲环唑4种杀菌剂均不敏感,有望开发为生防菌剂。     

烟草根际细菌铜绿假单胞菌swu31-2的定殖能力及其对烟草青枯病的防治作用

从重庆黔江烟草田间分离获得一株烟草青枯菌拮抗菌株Pseudomonas aeruginosa swu31 2（简称swu31 2）。采用逐步提高药物浓度的方法,筛选获得了抗链霉素300 μg/mL对烟草青枯病菌拮抗活性稳定的swu31 2突变菌株。采用灌根接种法,研究其在烟草根、茎和叶表面及内部的定殖能力及其对烟草青枯病的防治作用。结果表明,swu31 2能在烟草各组织的表面及内部定殖。该菌株在烟草各组织内部的数量均表现为“由增到减”的趋势。在接种后第8天定殖数量达到最高峰,随后有所下降;到第20天各组织内的数量仍然维持较高水平（105 cfu/g 以上）。同时,在接种20 d后,烟草的根、茎和叶的表面仍然可以检测到swu31 2的存在。盆栽试验结果表明,swu31 2的菌液和活性物质对烟草青枯病均有一定的防治效果。其中先施swu31 2菌液和活性物质粗提物的防效好于农用链霉素（51.25%）,分别为60.87%和 60.32%,而后施菌液和活性物质粗提物的防效也分别达39.50%和20.90%。