烟酸对未去势湘中公牛生长性能、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响

本研究旨在研究烟酸对未去势湘中公牛生长性能、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响。选择1.5岁左右体重[(385.08±15.20)kg]匀称的未去势湘中黑公牛21头,随机分成3组,每组7头,各组分别在基础饲粮中添加0、800、1 200 mg/kg烟酸。预试期14 d,正试期120 d。结果表明:烟酸对公牛的平均日增重、日均采食量、饲料转化率、背膘厚、眼肌面积均没有显著影响(P0.05)。烟酸对背最长肌的p H、肉色亮度和红度值、剪切力、滴水损失以及水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量均没有显著影响(P0.05)。1 200 mg/kg烟酸显著降低血清总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量(P0.05),800 mg/kg烟酸显著降低血清HDL-C含量(P0.05),烟酸对低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量没有显著影响(P0.05)。1 200 mg/kg烟酸可以提高血清非酯化脂肪酸(P0.05)和葡萄糖含量(P=0.06),降低血清尿素氮含量(P=0.07)。综上,本研究并没有观察到烟酸对未去势湘中公牛生长性能和肉品质等指标有影响,但对血脂指标有一定调节作用,推测可能是未去势公牛的雄性激素的作用覆盖了烟酸的作用。     

Interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance,haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks

The interaction effect of whole wheat feeding and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on growth performance, haematological indices and caecal microbiota of cockerel chicks were investigated using 250‐day‐old cockerel chicks previously reared for 7 days pre‐experimental period. Birds were fed with commercial chick mash during the pre‐experimental period. At the expiration of this period, 192 chicks were selected on weight equalization basis and assigned into 24 pens. Each treatment consisted of six pens, while each pen housed eight birds. Four wheat–soya bean‐based experimental diets were formulated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diets having two wheat forms (ground and whole wheat grain) each supplemented or not with 1 g/kg MOS/kg feed. Whole wheat feeding (irrespective of MOS supplementation) showed reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake. Birds fed whole wheat diet supplemented with MOS recorded the highest (p < 0.01) final live weight, weight gain and the best (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio. Haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and red blood cell count of the chicks were not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatment. However, dietary supplementation with MOS resulted in increased (p < 0.05) WBC counts. The caecum content of chicks fed with MOS‐supplemented whole wheat diets recorded the least (p < 0.01) salmonella counts. In conclusion, combination of whole wheat feeding and MOS supplementation showed improved growth performance, gut microbiota and indications of improved health status of cockerel chicks.     

The effects of exposure duration to optimal concentration of 2‐phenoxyethanol on primary and secondary stress responses in kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum)

The goal of this study was to assess the anaesthetic induction and recovery time in kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) after exposure to various concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 ml/l) of 2‐PE as an anaesthetic, as well as the effects of optimal concentration (0.7 ml/l) of 2‐PE in relation to different exposure time (3, 10, 15 min) on some haematological and serum biochemical indices in this species. Moreover, the effects of 0.7 ml/l on blood parameters were assessed 24 h after the longest exposure. Significant increase was determined in Hb, MCH and MCHC after 10‐min exposure to 2‐PE (p < 0.05). Moreover, Hct, Hb and RBC levels increased significantly after 15 min‐exposure to 2‐PE (p < 0.05). There were no prominent changes in WBC and MCV. The plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol and cortisol increased significantly after 10‐ and 15‐min exposure to 2‐PE (p < 0.05) compared with the control group and all other exposure times. The activity of ALT and AST were significantly increased after 10‐ and 15‐min exposure respectively (p < 0.05). In this study, it appears that anaesthetizing kutum with 2‐PE at 0.7 ml/l for 3 min had no effect on the stress markers.     

Effects of Feeding Different Dietary Crude Protein and Digestible Energy to Yili Mares during Late Lactation Stage on Growth Development and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Foals

In this paper, thirty Yili mares aged 11 to 12 years with weighing 410 kg ± 30 kg, parity of 4 to 5 in third lactation month were selected, and were randomly divided into six groups, each group with five repeats.Two factors quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combination design was adopted to evaluate the effects of feeding different dietary CP and DE to mares on growth development and blood biochemical parameters of foals.Daily DE and CP feeding levels of the 6 groups were 92 MJ/d and 1.20 kg/d, 125 MJ/d and 1.20 kg/d, 92 MJ/d and 1.55 kg/d, 107 MJ/d and 1.35 kg/d, 125 MJ/d and 1.44 kg/d, 115 MJ/d and 1.55 kg/d, respectively.The results showed that body weight, body height, chest circumference and cannon circumference of foals of four and five months were not significant affected by maternal protein and energy intake (P>0.05).As compared with ration contained high DE (125 MJ/d) and low CP (1.20 kg/d), feeding with ration contained moderate DE (107 MJ/d) and CP (1.35 kg/d) improved body length of foals of four and five months significantly (P<0.05).From the blood biochemical parameters, such as total protein, albumin, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, there were no significant differences among all groups (P>0.05).Mares fed with ration contained moderate DE (107 MJ/d) and CP (1.35 kg/d) obviously improved the aspartate aminotransferase and uric acid level.In summary, Yili mares during lactation late stage fed with 1.35 kg/d CP and 107 MJ/d DE daily could significantly improve body length development of foals, and foals nitrogen metabolism was altered by maternal dietary nutrition through increasing blood aspartate aminotransferase activity.     

基于纹理-颜色特征与植被指数融合的冬小麦LAI估测

准确、快速、无损估测叶面积指数(LAI)对于冬小麦生产管理具有重要意义。利用无人机搭载Prime ALTUM多光谱相机获取冬小麦拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期多光谱图像,利用LAI-2200C型植物冠层分析仪获取地面LAI数据。通过Pearson相关性分析筛选出25个植被指数,并提取植被指数影像中8种纹理特征：对比度(CON)、熵(ENT)、方差(VAR)、均值(MEA)、协同性(HOM)、相异性(DIS)、二阶矩(SEM)和相关性(COR),以及3种颜色特征：一阶矩(M)、二阶矩(V)和三阶矩(S),再分别利用多元逐步回归模型(MSR)、支持向量回归模型(SVR)和高斯过程回归模型(GPR)构建冬小麦LAI估测模型。结果表明：相对于考虑单一类型变量,考虑结合纹理特征和颜色特征进行估测时模型精度更高;3类模型中,GPR模型估测冬小麦LAI的精度最高;所有模型中,基于纹理-颜色特征与植被指数融合的GPR模型估测冬小麦LAI精度最高(决定系数R²为0.94,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.17 m²/m²,平均绝对误差(MAE)...     

Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As复合污染对灯心草的生理毒性效应

通过盆栽试验,以现行土壤环境质量标准为浓度设置依据并结合实际污染土壤研究了不同处理水平的Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As5种重金属复合污染对灯心草生长、叶绿素含量及保护酶系统的影响。实验结果表明:5种重金属复合污染对灯心草地上部生长有一定程度的抑制作用,在土壤环境质量二级标准上限值处灯心草地上部生物量减产9.15%,<10%,但地下部生物量减产趋势不明显。复合重金属污染抑制灯心草的光合作用使叶绿素含量减少、叶绿素a/b值降低。在接近土壤环境质量标准低浓度设计范围内,灯心草3种保护酶有逐渐被激活的趋势,表现出一定的协调性共同抵制重金属的毒害。但在高浓度处理水平下,酶活性遭到抑制。生长在矿毒水和铅锌尾矿污染土壤中的灯心草地上部生物量分别下降28.23%和37.1%,但POD、SOD和CAT3种酶活性均高于对照。通过应用综合生态环境效益法,以灯心草为指示植物可以将土壤环境质量二级标准上限值设定为土壤中5种重金属的临界毒性效应值。     

沙葱及其提取物对小尾寒羊生产性能、胴体特征、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响

【目的】 研究沙葱及其提取物对小尾寒羊生产性能、胴体特征,肉品质及血清生化指标的影响,为舍饲肉羊饲料添加剂的开发提供试验依据。【方法】 选取3月龄、体重相近的小尾寒羊公羊60只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,对照组（CK）饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加沙葱粉(AMR),沙葱水提物(AWE)和沙葱醇提物(AFE),添加剂量分别为10、3.4和2.8 g/（只•d）。试验持续75 d,其中预饲期15 d,正饲期60 d。正饲期内测定小尾寒羊生产性能,正饲期结束空腹颈静脉采血测定血清生化指标,随后每个重复随机选2只羊进行屠宰,立即测定胴体特征（胴体热重、屠宰率、肾周脂肪重、皮下脂肪厚度及硬度）,取胴体左侧背最长肌测定肉品质,取肾周脂肪、尾部脂肪、背部皮下脂肪和大网膜脂肪测定脂肪肉色。【结果】 与对照组相比,①沙葱醇提物组的平均日采食量显著降低（P=0.001）,饲料转化率显著升高（P=0.039）,平均日增重无显著性变化（P>0.05）;②日粮添加沙葱粉及水提物能够显著降低羊肉的剪切力（P=0.029）;③沙葱粉组、水提物组和醇提物组肾周脂肪的黄度值（b^*）无显著性差异（P>0.050）,醇提物组肾周脂肪（P=0.096）和大网膜脂肪（P=0.087）的b^*值与沙葱粉组相比有升高的趋势,而红度值（a^*）（P=0.044）和饱和度（C^*）（P=0.021）显著高于沙葱粉组;④添加沙葱及其提取物能够显著升高血清总蛋白（P=0.006）的含量,沙葱及其醇提物能够显著提高血清白蛋白（P=0.006）的含量,沙葱醇提物能够显著降低血清尿素氮（P=0.024）的含量。【结论】 沙葱及其提取物对舍饲小尾寒羊胴体特征和脂肪肉色无显著影响;日粮中添加沙葱醇提物能够显著提高小尾寒羊饲料转化率,沙葱粉及水提物能够显著降低羊肉的剪切力,提高羊肉嫩度;同时沙葱及其醇提物能够显著提高血清中总蛋白和白蛋白的含量,促进肉羊对蛋白质的吸收。     

博落回提取物猪耐受性评价及其抗结肠炎机制

将健康的50头长大白杂交猪均分为5组,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别按每千克饲料添加博落回散30、150、300、600 mg混饲给药,相当于推荐临床剂量的1、5、10、20倍,对照组(CK)饲料中不添加博落回散,连续饲喂60 d,研究不同剂量博落回散对猪的生长性能、血液学指标、血清生化指标及组织病理学的影响,基于网络药理学探讨博落回提取物(MCE)抗结肠炎的潜在机制。结果表明,与CK相比,饲料中添加30 mg/kg的博落回散可显著提高试验猪的平均日增质量,显著降低料肉比,其他所用剂量的博落回散对试验猪的生长性能均无显著影响;饲料中添加30~600 mg/kg的博落回散的试验猪血液学和血清生化指标均无显著变化,且各脏器组织未见异常病理性损害。可见,饲料中添加30~600 mg/kg博落回散连续饲喂60 d,试验猪具有较好的耐受性。通过SwissTargetPrediction、Genecards、STRING等工具和数据库初步揭示了MCE可能是通过作用于ESR1、BCL2L1、MTOR、MCL1、PTGS2、MAPK8、MMP9、MAPK1、ERBB2和PIK3CA等靶点,并通过ErbB和TNF等信号途径发挥抗炎作用的。     

生物炭对萝卜幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响

通过心里美萝卜（Raphanus sativus）盆栽试验研究不同浓度生物炭分别添加在纯土（J）和施加有机肥的土壤(S)中,有机肥与土壤按1∶[KG-*2]5混合,形成不同配比后对萝卜在两叶一心时期的生长指标和生理生化指标进行测量比较。结果表明：生物炭添加在施有机肥的土壤中比添加在纯土中的综合指标好,但与对照组比可看出生物炭添加在纯土中萝卜的增长幅度更高。添加生     

亚硝酸盐对越冬红螯螯虾生理指标及肠道菌群的影响

以越冬红螯螯虾为对象,探讨其在不同亚硝酸盐浓度下的生理指标及肠道菌群变化情况。采用常规生物急性毒性试验法,得到亚硝酸盐胁迫下红螯螯虾的96 h半致死浓度为22.0 mg/L,安全浓度为2.2 mg/L。设置4个实验组,分别为A组(0 mg/L)、B组(0.5 mg/L)、C组(2.3 mg/L)和D组(5.0 mg/L),胁迫6周后取样检测。结果表明:各组成活率、肥满度、肝体指数无显著性差异(P>0.05),但D组成活率、体质量增加率、体长增加率最低。随亚硝酸盐浓度的增加,肝小管排列趋于混乱且大小出现差异,肝小管间结缔组织随之减少,产生空泡化,在D组中变化尤为明显。SOD活性随亚硝酸盐浓度升高而降低,在肝胰腺中,A组显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),D组显著低于其他3组(P<0.05);在肌肉中,A组显著高于C、D组(P<0.05),D组显著低于A、B组(P<0.05)。MDA活性随亚硝酸盐浓度升高而升高,在肝胰腺中,4组均无显著差异(P>0.05);在肌肉中,A组显著低于C、D组(P<0.05)。免疫相关指标均随亚硝酸盐浓度升高而降低,在肝胰腺中,4组ACP、AKP活性均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),A组最高,D组最低;在肌肉中,A组ACP活性显著高于其他3组(P<0.05);4组AKP活性均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),A组最高,D组最低;各组UL活性无显著性差异(P>0.05)。能量代谢指标TG活性随亚硝酸盐浓度升高而降低,A组显著高于D组(P<0.05)。亚硝酸盐胁迫在一定程度上提高了肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)的比例,且菌群多样性D组最低,A组最高,亚硝酸盐导致了肠道菌群多样性的下降。