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971.
梳齿起膜气力脱膜式耕层残膜回收机研制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了解决耕层残膜污染问题,该研究设计了一种梳齿起膜气力脱膜式耕层残膜回收机。该机主要由机架、梳齿、梳齿辊、重力沉降室、离心风机组成。梳齿辊是该回收机的核心机构,其辊筒上布置有多排梳齿,通过梳齿辊的旋转实现松土和残膜-土壤分离;利用EDEM离散元软件建立梳齿辊模型,仿真研究了梳齿排列方式和梳齿结构对梳齿辊入土过程中前进阻力和阻力矩的影响,确定了齿刀螺旋排列方式。吸膜机构的作用是实现残膜的连续回收及膜土分离。建立了残膜在吸膜区的运动学方程,通过对方程分析求解,探明了梳齿辊转速和吸膜口风速对残膜运动轨迹的影响,确定梳齿辊转速应小于120 r/min,吸膜口风速应大于15 m/s。为了获得回收机的最佳作业参数组合,进行了土槽响应曲面优化试验,得出最佳参数组合:吸膜口与竖直面之间的角度为-7°、机具前进速度为2 km/h、梳齿辊转速为100 r/min、吸膜口风速为22 m/s。田间试验结果表明:最佳参数组合作业时,残膜拾净率为55.04%,比预测值小1.63%,优化方法可靠。 相似文献
972.
The proper selection of the background electrolyte is of special importance studying element availability and mobility in the laboratory. The determination of the background solution composition can be done with the equilibrium soil solution method ESS (Matschonat and Vogt, 1997). The ESS method is a procedure to find out a salt solution of major cations and anions that does not undergo changes in its composition when brought into contact with a specific soil sample. This composition is experimentally approximated in an iterative procedure until certain quality criteria are fulfilled. We tested if the ESS method, which was developed for forest soils, can successfully be applied also to agricultural soils. The solution composition was confirmed by an independent method. We used samples of a glasshouse and an arable loess soil. Because the ESS method is relatively time and work consuming, we tested modifications which should simplify the procedure: the use of dried and frozen samples instead of field fresh soil, an approximation according to the solution's electric conductivity only, and the modeling of cation exchange to omit iteration steps. The ESS method caused slight overestimation (10–25 %) in cation concentrations, but in general, these were well met. Individual anion concentrations, however, were not buffered in this soil and could not unequivocally be determined. We recommend to adjust the anion concentrations in the ESS procedure according to their proportions in an initial water extract. As ion concentrations are functions of the soil : solution ratio, any method based on addition of water to the soil, like the so‐called soil saturation extract (Germany: Bodensättigungsextrakt), runs a risk to seriously underestimate ion concentrations at field conditions. The ESS method may therefore be especially well suited for soils with a low water content. The use of frozen soil gave good results and the omission of iteration steps by cation exchange modeling was promising and will be explored with the aim to operationalize it in forthcoming work. 相似文献
973.
陈训清 《广西农业生物科学》1989,(1)
在平面测量中,导线平差,先平内角闭合差,后平座标增量闭合差,分为两个步骤进行。在座标增量闭合差调整中,又分为按边长比例分配、按座标增量值大小比例分配及按累积边长比例分配。这些方法都是简易计算近似平差法,由于内角闭合差调整,会过多干扰导线边的方向角。因而笔者提出:省略内角闭合差调整这一步,将二步简化为一步,简称一步法,使计算更为简化与完善。 相似文献
974.
975.
976.
针对当前预切种式木薯播种器存在充种效果差、合格指数低的问题,该研究设计了一种由落种滑板、主动辊筒、型孔摩擦带、支撑辊组、从动辊筒及储种箱等组成的预切种式木薯型孔摩擦带式精密排种机构。阐述了排种机构的基本结构和工作原理。对关键部件参数进行设计,通过理论分析确定影响排种机构充种性能的主要因素为型孔摩擦带型孔形状、型孔数量、型孔摩擦带安装倾角、型孔摩擦带速度以及种茎层厚度。基于离散元法(discrete element method,DEM)建立种茎群-型孔摩擦带仿真模型,通过单因素仿真分析各因素对充种性能及种茎群规律的影响。以充种合格指数和漏充指数为评价指标,通过二次回归正交旋转组合仿真分析确定最优参数,利用Design-Expert数据软件,建立各试验因素与评价指标的数学回归模型,并进行参数优化。结果表明,影响充种合格指数和漏充指数的因素主次顺序为型孔摩擦带速度、型孔摩擦带安装倾角和种茎层厚度,圆整后的最优参数为型孔摩擦带速度0.6 m/s、型孔摩擦带安装倾角45°,种茎层厚度250 mm,此时的模型预测充种合格指数为94.63%,漏充指数为3.42%,重充指数为1.95%。在最优参数下... 相似文献
977.
梁健 《广西农业生物科学》1997,(2)
采用平均产值计算法和劳均负担耕地面积计算法测算出目前广西农业劳动力的剩余量为300多万人,并分析了影响农业剩余劳动力向非农产业转移的制约因素,在此基础上提出了相应的对策建议 相似文献
978.
Gabriele E. Schaumann 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2006,169(2):145-156
This contribution reviews and discusses structural aspects of soil organic matter (SOM) and humic substances (HS) with special respect to the macromolecular and the supramolecular view. It can be concluded that (1) dissolved humic acids behave as supramolecular associations of relatively small molecules with an enormous flexibility of reaction of environmental conditions, (2) multivalent cations may increase the apparent molecular weight by the formation of coordinative crosslinks in dissolved and undissolved natural organic matter (NOM), (3) sorption nonlinearity in solid humic acids and SOM may be due to polymer properties of NOM, (4) sorbates affect sorbent characteristics of SOM, and (5) hysteresis and conditioning effects in SOM can up to now best be explained with the polymer analogy. A distinct polydispersivity of SOM over a wide range of molecular masses is to be assumed. The supramolecular and the macromolecular models were derived from humic acids with different composition and on the basis of different sample states. Although the supramolecular model has not explicitely been shown for unfractionated DOM, the combination of all discussed studies suggests supramolecular as well as macromolecular characteristics of NOM. Neither macromolecules nor small molecules can be fully excluded in solid and dissolved SOM. Microregions with different properties provide different types of sorption sites. SOM is suggested to be regarded as amorphous material. This point of view is not restricted to high molecular masses and may supplement our understanding of SOM by the model of physical aging. 相似文献
979.
Peter?Schr?derEmail author Beate?Huber Jean?Charles?Munch 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2003,3(4):223-226
All forms of agriculture cause changes in the balances and fluxes of preexisting ecosystems, thereby limiting self-regulatory
ecosystem (resiliency) functions. The intensive agriculture of the past, with its strong reduction of landscape structures
and vast decoupling of energy and matter cycles, has caused stress and degradation of the production base; massive influence
has also been exerted on neighboring compartments. This has resulted in the well known problems of pesticide loads, high phosphate
loads to surface waters via over-fertilized soils or erosion as such. To overcome the economic, social and political inadequacies
leading to ecological degradation, the demand for sustainable agricultural management needs to be transposed into knowledge-based
practical instructions and political regulations on a regional scale. Thus, applied research for a sustainable and ecologically
compatible land use aimed at sufficient food production is ever so important. In the FAM, thirty German research institutes
have merged to perform research on this topic. 相似文献
980.
农产品加工课程是农、畜、特产品加工技术专业必修的一门重要而又有较大难度的专业课程。根据高职农、畜、特产品加工技术专业人才的培养目标及项目教学法的特点,对项目教学法在农产品加工课程中的应用进行了探索。实践证明,项目教学法能充分体现"以学生为中心"的教学思想,充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性,有利于提高应用型高技能人才的培养质量。 相似文献