不同阴离子溶液中怀俄明州蒙脱石的Na-Zn交换选择性

The effect of background anion on cation exchange reactions, such as Na-Ca and Na-Cu exchange reactions, on montmorillonites has been studied, but the results are not always clear and discrepancies exist in the literature. In this study, the exchange of zinc (Zn²⁺) for sodium (Na⁺) on Wyoming montmorillonite was investigated at 298°K using Cl^-, ClO₄^-, NO₃^-, OAc^-, and SO₄^2- solution media at a constant total metal charge concentration of 0.0200 molc L^-1. Results indicated that the clay CEC values were essential similar for Cl^-, ClO₄^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2- solution media with an average CEC of 0.856 ± 0.008 molc kg^-1; in an OAc⁺ solution the clay CEC was much higher than that in other anion media. The specific adsorption of Zn (SAZn), as defined by the extraction of Zn using 0.05mol L^-1 Na₂-EDTA, was different in the various background solutions. The highest value for SAZn was 0.359 ± 0.0350molc kg^-1, which occurred in OAc-solution. There was essentially no difference in the total apparent adsorbed metals (the sum of adsorbed equivalents of Na and Zn per kilogram of clay, Q) among the various background solutions. The average Q for all anion media was 0.807 ± 0.011 mol_c kg^-1 and was independent of exchanger composition. Experimental results indicated that there were no significant monovalent cation complexes such as ZnCl⁺ or ZnNO₃⁺ that were adsorbed by montmorillonite. The Na-Zn exchange isotherms indicated that there was an adsorption preference for Zn over Na on Wyoming montmorillonite.     

Differences in shoot growth and zinc concentration of 164 bread wheat genotypes in a zinc‐deficient calcareous soil

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to study severity of the zinc (Zn) deficiency symptoms on leaves, shoot dry weight and shoot content and concentration of Zn in 164 winter type bread wheat genotypes (Triticunt aestivum L.) grown in a Zn‐deficient calcareous soil with (+Zn=10 mg Zn kg^?1 soil) and without (‐Zn) Zn supply for 45 days. Tolerance of the genotypes to Zn deficiency was ranked based on the relative shoot growth (Zn efficiency ratio), calculated as the ratio of the shoot dry weight produced under Zn deficiency to that produced under adequate Zn supply. There was a substantial difference in genotypic tolerance to Zn deficiency. Among the 164 genotypes, 108 genotypes had severe visible symptoms of Zn deficiency (whitish‐brown necrotic patches) on leaves, while in 25 genotypes Zn deficiency symptoms were slight or absent, and the remaining genotypes (e.g., 31 genotypes) showed mild deficiency symptoms. Generally, the genotypes with higher tolerance to Zn deficiency originated from Balkan countries and Turkey, while genotypes originating from the breeding programs in the Great Plains of the United States were mostly sensitive to Zn deficiency. Among the 164 wheat genotypes, Zn efficiency ratio varied from 0.33 to 0.77. The differences in tolerance to Zn deficiency were totally independent of shoot Zn concentrations, but showed a close relationship to the total amount (content) of Zn per shoot. The absolute shoot growth of the genotypes under Zn deficiency corresponded very well with the differences in tolerance to Zn deficiency. Under adequate Zn supply, the 10 most Zn‐ inefficient genotypes and the 10 most Zn‐efficient genotypes were very similar in their shoot dry weight. However, under Zn deficiency, shoot dry weight of the Zn‐efficient genotypes was, on average, 1.6‐fold higher compared to the Zn‐inefficient genotypes. The results of this study show large, exploitable genotypic variation for tolerance to Zn deficiency in bread wheat. Based on this data, total amount of Zn per shoot, absolute shoot growth under Zn deficiency, and relative shoot growth can be used as reliable plant parameters for assessing genotypic variation in tolerance to Zn deficiency in bread wheat.     

Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz) incorporated diets increase immunity and survival of Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Ham.) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection

The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary dosages of Microcystis on the immune response and disease resistance against infections due to the opportunistic pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Labeo rohita fingerlings were fed diet containing 0 (Control), 0.5, 1.0 and 5 g Microcystis powder kg^?1 dry diet for 90 days. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 20 ± 2 g were fed for 3 months daily. At 30 days interval, samples were assayed for different biochemical [serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio] and immunological (superoxide anion production, lysozyme and serum bactericidal activity) parameters. The results demonstrate that fish fed Microcystis showed increased levels of lysozyme, serum bactericidal activity, serum protein and albumin (P ≤ 0.05) as compared with the control group. After 90 days, fish were challenged with A. hydrophila and mortality (%) was recorded up to day 10 postchallenge. The group fed 1.0 g Microcystis kg^?1 dry diet showed the highest percentage survival (72%). These results indicate that Microcystis aeruginosa stimulates the immunity and makes L. rohita more resistant to infection by A. hydrophila when fed in dried form in feed.     

贵州产天冬水提液对氧自由基的作用

[目的]研究贵州产天冬水提液的氧自由基清除能力。[方法]以贵州产天冬为研究对象,提取其水提液;采用连苯三酚法在碱性溶液中自氧化反应产生超氧阴离子自由基（O2-）,采用邻二氮菲-Fe（Ⅱ）/H2O2体系产生羟自由基（·OH）,用分光光度法测定天冬水提液对O2-和·OH的作用。[结果]高剂量组天冬水提液对O2-具有显著的清除及抑制作用,对·OH也有一定的清除作用,清除率为（22.80%±0.13%）。[结论]贵州产天冬水提液对O2-具有显著的清除及抑制作用,对·OH也有一定的清除作用。     

雅安藏茶对氧自由基清除能力评价

对雅安藏茶的水浸出物清除超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)和羟自由基(.OH)的能力进行评价。结果表明,当反应体系中雅安藏茶水浸出物浓度分别为4.8 mg/L和40.5 mg/L时,对超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)和羟自由基(.OH)的清除率达最大值,分别为(90.07±0.01)%和(88.70±0.02)%。以半抑制浓度(IC50)作评价指标,试样清除超氧阴离子自由基的能力大小顺序为:藏茶>藏茶原料>绿茶;试样清除羟自由基能力大小顺序为:绿茶>藏茶>藏茶原料;并且都高于Vc、VE、BHA、BHT等常用的抗氧化剂对这两种氧自由基的清除能力。雅安藏茶清除上述两种氧自由基效果十分显著,呈现了明显的量效关系,说明雅安藏茶也具有相当的抗氧化功能。     

以葛根为基质的灵芝发酵和体外清除自由基活性研究

[目的]研制一种具有抗氧化作用的新型保健食品并研究其体外抗氧化活性。[方法]以灵芝为发酵菌株,葛根为发酵基质中的添加物,研究了葛根对灵芝菌丝体生长和发酵产物体外清除自由基活性的影响。[结果]葛根添加量为60g/L时,灵芝的生物量达最大值,即（9．76±0．37）g／L,比对照高2．82g／L。葛根具有清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子的能力,添加葛根的灵芝发酵产物的对羟自由基和超氧阴离子的清除效果明显比单独灵芝发酵好。当葛根浓度为20、40、60、80和100eeL时,发酵产物对羟自由基的清除率分别为67．2％、78．5％、84．9％、86．4％和87．3％,对超氧阴离子的清除率分别为35．42％、41．67％、46．88％、44．79％和45．88％。[结论]该研究为开发具有抗氧化作用的新型灵芝发酵保健食品提供了理论基础。     

金属离子对椰花汁清除超氧阴离子能力的影响

以新鲜和发酵椰花汁为实验材料,研究新鲜和发酵椰花汁对超氧阴离子的清除能力和对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制能力,以及加入Cu^2＋、Fe^2＋、Fe^3＋、Zn^2＋时对其能力的影响,以原儿茶酸为对照。结果表明,新鲜和发酵椰花汁对于超氧阴离子均有一定的清除能力,但对于黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制能力比较弱。加入Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋对新鲜和发酵椰花汁清除超氧阴离子能力的提高作用较为显著,而Zn^2＋能够显著的提高其对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制能力。     

榆荚仁提取液抗氧化性研究

[目的]研究榆荚仁水提取液和乙醇提取液清除超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基的能力。[方法]制备榆荚仁醇提液和水提液,并测定乙醇提取液中活性物质的含量以及提取液对羟自由基和超氧阴离子的清除率。[结果]结果表明,榆荚仁的水提液和醇提液都表现出了良好的清除超氧阴离子和羟自由基的能力。相比而言,榆荚仁水提取液清除超氧阴离子的效果比清除羟自由基的效果好,而榆荚仁乙醇提取液清除羟自由基的效果比清除超氧阴离子的效果好。[结论]榆荚仁醇提液和水提液均具有较好的清除羟自由基和抑制超氧阴离子自由基的能力。     

717阴离子交换树脂吸附茶氨酸的热力学研究

通过静态吸附试验,研究了717阴离子交换树脂对茶氨酸(质量浓度分别为100、200、300、400、600、800、1 000 mg/L)的吸附热力学特性.结果表明:在pH6~11时,pH值对717阴离子交换树脂对茶氨酸吸附量影响不大;在温度303～323 K和茶氨酸质量浓度范围内,717阴离子交换树脂对茶氨酸吸附行为符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温方程;热力学参数(吸附焓、自由能、吸附熵)表明此吸附过程是吸热和自发的.