Presence of multiple viruses in non-diseased, cultivated shrimp at harvest

Histological examinations were carried out with 400 cultivated black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) from 12 commercial rearing ponds from three different areas in Thailand over a period of 3 years. The shrimp were collected at or near harvest time as two arbitrary size groups of 10–20 each from each pond. Aside from size difference, they showed no gross signs of disease and were normally active. Pathognomonic histopathological lesions were found only for hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) or monodon baculovirus (MBV). Although these were relatively frequent, no unusual shrimp mortality had occurred in any of the ponds examined. Severity of these infections was negatively correlated with shrimp size. When grouped together, HPV-infected shrimp gave mean lengths of approximately 6.5 cm that were significantly different from uninfected shrimp at 9 cm length, early in the cultivation cycle while MBV-infected groups of approximately 9 cm length were not readily distinguishable until uninfected shrimp were 10 cm or more, later in cultivation. Thus, HPV infection was correlated with more severe stunting than MBV. In addition to histopathological examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for HPV, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) were carried out on one large sample of 240 shrimp from 6 ponds where visible lesions were apparent for MBV only. Surprisingly, 94% of the specimens gave a positive test for at least one of the four viruses. HPV and IHHNV alone or in combination were detected at high prevalence (approximately 60%) despite the absence of visible histological lesions and were confirmed by southern blot hybridization. Although the prevalence of the four viral pathogens was very high, it would normally have gone unnoticed, since normal shrimp are rarely examined for viruses.     

白斑综合征病毒感染与对虾的免疫防御反应

对虾白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）感染对虾后，最典型的免疫反应是对虾开放循环系统的血淋巴细胞数量急剧下降，血淋巴凝结功能下降，感染部位聚集了大量的血淋巴细胞，且以颗粒细胞为主。WSSV可感染对虾颗粒细胞和小颗粒细胞，其中小颗粒细胞感染率高、感染速率快，感染后大颗粒细胞占血细胞总数的比例可增加到50％；血淋巴中的总糖、总碳水化合物、总蛋白和游离氨基酸显著提高，超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和诱导性一氧化氮合成酶的活性显著降低。自然状态下广泛存在WSSV潜伏感染，潜伏感染的存在会导致存在免疫反应情况下的感染复发，并且有助于病毒的传播；不同WSSV感染状态下过氧化物（POD）差异显著，其平均值由大到小依次为：潜伏感染虾样、中度感染虾样、严重感染虾样。而其抗菌活性（UA）、溶菌活性（UL）、酶氧化酶活性（PO）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）和凝集效价（HAT）差异不显著；潜伏感染个体对再次接种WSSV有“类免疫应答”的抗性，这种抗性不是来源于发病期对虾的天然抗性，而是WSSV感染后的一种免疫系统增强。宿主细胞凋亡可能是感染对虾在高温时反而维持较高成活率的主要机制。免疫增强剂可对对虾防御WSSV感染产生影响，脂多糖、葡聚糖、肽聚糖、岩藻依聚糖和双链核糖核酸都已被证实可提高对虾抗病毒感染的免疫保护。WSSV主要囊膜蛋白VP28可诱导对虾对WSSV感染产生抗性降低累积死亡率，高效价的病毒抗血清具有良好的保护作用；对虾抗菌肽也可通过抑制病毒的复制而起保护作用。     

7种消毒剂对对虾白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)DNA作用效果的比较

将中国对虾白斑综合症病毒 (WSSV)病毒液与万福金安含氯消毒剂、高锰酸钾、甲醛、过氧化氢、甲酚皂、酒精、氯仿作用。不同浓度消毒剂与病毒液作用不同时间后提取 DNA作病毒核酸斑点杂交检测。经分析比较表明 ,上述消毒剂中含氯消毒剂在有效氯含量高于 2 .975× 10 -3、高锰酸钾浓度高于 5 .0 0 0× 10 -3 ,5 min内 ;有效氯含量高于 1.190× 10 -3、高锰酸钾浓度在 5 .0 0 0× 10 -3 ,30 min即可破坏核酸     

White Spot Syndrome Virus in cultured shrimp: A review

Shrimp is one of the main aquaculture species in the world. Different viruses affect them, which causes serious mortality to economically important species, such as Penaeus monodon, Litopenaeus vannamei and L. stylirostris, among others. White spot syndrome virus or WSSV is a highly lethal, stress‐dependent virus, which belongs to the family Nimaviridae, genus Whispovirus. Three WSSV virus isolates were first detected in 1992 in Thailand, Taiwan and China. Later, a fourth isolate of the virus was detected in the Americas in 1999. This virus has a large circular double‐stranded DNA genome with different sizes (292.9–307.2 kb), where the diverse isolates show differences in virulence. This virus infects a wide range of aquatic crustaceans by vertical and horizontal transmission, with different mortality results. The spread of infection between regions may be due to infected shrimp and carriers such as other crustaceans, seabirds, aquatic arthropods or other vectors. The aim of this work is to describe the current knowledge on the status, transmission, pathology, isolation, control and genomic characteristics of WSSV.     

不同饵料对中国对虾幼虾生长及感染WSSV存活率的影响

采用4种饵料投喂中国对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）幼虾，用投喂感染的方法人工感染WSSV。测定体长、体重以及各组的攻毒存活率，实验周期15d。ANOVA分析结果表明，投喂鲜活卤虫组体长、体重的增长明显优于其他各组，差异达极显著水平（P〈0．01）；投喂人工配合饵料实验组的体长、体重增长量最小；投喂鱼肉组体长增长慢于投喂蛤蜊肉组，而体重的增长快于投喂蛤蜊肉组，差异均不显著（P〉0．05）。投喂卤虫成体和投喂鱼肉两组的攻毒存活率最高，明显高于投喂配合饵料和蛤蜊肉两实验组，差异达极显著水平（P〈0．01）；投喂卤虫组和投喂鱼肉组之间存活率无显著差异（P〉0．05），投喂人工配合饵料组和蛤蜊肉组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。巢式PCR检测表明，人工感染前的中国对虾幼虾少数携带WSSV，人工感染后全部个体检测到病毒特征片段。     

A rapid non-enzymatic method of DNA extraction for PCR detection of white spot syndrome virus in shrimp

The present study describes a simple method of extraction of white spot syndrome viral DNA (WSSV) from infected shrimp for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of WSSV. The DNA preparation using this method was found to be free from the host DNA, RNA and protein, and is suitable for different PCR protocols such as single‐step PCR, nested PCR and single‐tube semi‐nested PCR. This method of extraction has worked successfully for extracting the WSSV‐DNA from different organs (haemolymph, eyestalk, carapace, head muscle, heart, gills, appendages, heptopancreas, stomach, intestine, abdominal muscle and tail muscle) of WSSV‐infected adult shrimp, and WSSV‐infected larvae and postlarvae.     

Experimental susceptibility of different life-stages of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Studies were conducted by injecting/feeding white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) derived from infected shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), to different life-stages, namely post-larvae, juveniles, sub-adults and adults of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). The disease was also induced in brood stock, and the eggs and larvae derived from these animals were subsequently tested for WSSV infection. All the stages except egg used for the experiment were found WSSV positive in histopathology, cross infection bioassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Experimentally infected post-larvae and juveniles showed a high percentage of mortality and an increased rate of cannibalism. The cumulative mortality in post-larvae was up to 28%; with 28–40% cannibalism resulting in a maximum loss of up to 68%. In juveniles, observed mortality and cannibalism were 10–20% and 6.7–30.0%, respectively, and the maximum loss recorded was 50%. In sub-adults, mortality ranged from 2.8 to 6.7%, cannibalism was up to 20% and the total loss was up to 26.7%. Sub-adults and adults were found to be more tolerant to the infection as evidenced by the mortality pattern. A nested (two-step) PCR resulted in a 570-bp product specific to WSSV in all stages, except the eggs.     

凡纳滨对虾血细胞图像流式检测与病原感染分析

血细胞是机体免疫系统的核心,为了对其进行精细的类群划分和功能分析,了解动物免疫防御的机制,实验以体质量为17～23 g的凡纳滨对虾为对象,分别根据显微观察的胞内可辨颗粒结构和流式测量的细胞侧向散射特征探讨了其血淋巴的细胞类群,并进一步探讨了在副溶血性弧菌和白斑综合征病毒两种病原感染早期,主要响应的血细胞类群及其数量变化等特征。结果显示,两种方法都能从凡纳滨对虾血淋巴中辨识出无颗粒、小颗粒、中颗粒以及大颗粒四种血细胞,其中无颗粒细胞占比都接近70%,另外3种颗粒细胞合计占比均为30%左右,但细分比例统计有差异。脂质染料DID显示胞内颗粒普遍被膜,中颗粒和大颗粒细胞内的颗粒大小较均匀,提示了其内源性的形成机制;大颗粒细胞大小分布区间最窄且充满颗粒,表明其可能处于发育终末阶段,功能与分泌相关。通过测量发现,在两种病原感染早期,承担吞噬功能的无颗粒细胞和小颗粒细胞是主要响应类群,总体趋势均表现为细胞计数先降后升,推测感染后大量血细胞由于被用于清除病原而导致短时间内损失较多。副溶血性弧菌感染24 h后细胞总数降至低点,而白斑综合征病毒感染后的低点出现在36～48 h,相较略有延后并持续较长时间,...     

Development of a specific pathogen-free (SPF) population of the Chinese fleshy prawn Fenneropenaeus chinensis: Part 1: Disease Pre-screening and Primary Quarantine

A total of 36 gravid female shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis, captured off the coast of Qingdao, Peoples Republic of China, from April 20 through April 24, 2001, were examined by PCR for the presence of WSSV and HPV, the two most prevalent viral diseases affecting this species of shrimp in this region of China. Eight spawns, derived from 8 different females, were selected from shrimp where no WSSV or HPV had been detected. Nauplii obtained from 7 individual spawns and unhatched eggs from one other shrimp were transported to the University of Arizona, in Tucson, Arizona, USA, for larval rearing and production of postlarvae under quarantine protocols. The resultant postlarvae were kept in Primary Quarantine for approximately 2 months, while additional tests were performed to determine their specific pathogen-free (SPF) status according to criteria set by the United States Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP). By the time the shrimp had reached an average weight of approximately 0.4 g, no USMSFP specific listed pathogens had been detected in any of the 7 hatches and the shrimp were released into Secondary Quarantine at the Oceanic Institute in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii for production of a F1 generation. This F1 generation may be used as a SPF founder population for propagation and selection programs.     

WSSV蛋白酶性质的研究

从感染白斑综合症病毒(Whitespotsyndromevirus,WSSV)的对虾中提取和纯化WSSV,对其蛋白酶活力进行分析。结果表明,WSSV蛋白酶具广泛的pH稳定性,当pH达7.5时,蛋白酶活性最大;pH高于10 0时,酶活力很低,其蛋白酶偏碱性。丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)对酶活性有抑制作用。Ca2 、Mn2 、Fe2 和Cu2 可降低WSSV蛋白酶活性,但Mg2 有轻微的激活作用。胰蛋白酶抑制剂在浓度为12.5～25.0mg/L时,对WSSV蛋白酶活性无影响。Leupeptin使蛋白酶活性降低12.29%。Chymostatin在质量浓度为12.5～25.0mg/L时,对WSSV蛋白酶活性有强烈的抑制作用,表明WSSV蛋白酶类属胰凝乳蛋白酶。蛋白质修饰剂对WSSV蛋白酶活性影响的研究结果表明,组氨酸残基为WSSV蛋白酶活性基团,而巯基为非必需基团,说明WSSV蛋白酶为非巯基依赖型的蛋白酶。