冷藏与微冻贮藏过程中鲟鱼肉品质变化

为了比较鲟鱼(Acipenser sinensis)肉在4℃冷藏与?3℃微冻过程中的品质变化,提供一种提高鲟鱼新鲜品质的贮藏方式,通过感官评分、菌落总数(TVC)、pH值、挥发性盐基氮值(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、质构、挥发性风味物质、水分分布状态与肌纤维微观结构等指标的测定,评价了2种温度贮藏对鲟鱼肉品质的影响。结果显示,随着贮藏时间的延长,2种低温保鲜方式下鲟鱼肉的自由水与结合水的比例、TVB-N、TBA和菌落总数均呈现上升趋势;质构指标硬度和弹性及感官评分均呈降低趋势;观察其微观结构发现,随着贮藏时间的延长,肌纤维之间出现黏连,肌节逐渐由清晰变为模糊,?3℃贮藏后期表现尤为明显。综合各指标的变化规律,确定了4℃冷藏和?3℃微冻条件下,鲟鱼肉的货架期分别为6 d和18 d。与冷藏相比,微冻可较好地保持鲟鱼肉品质,微生物对鲟鱼肉的腐败进程影响较小,而质构指标则是影响贮藏末期感官评分的最主要因素。     

Larval lake sturgeon production and drift behaviour in the Menominee and Oconto Rivers,Wisconsin

Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) have been negatively impacted by barriers to migration, pollution and overharvest. Biological data such as the timing of spawning activity and larval drift have provided a better understanding of larval production success or failure on a site-specific basis. However, many river systems that serve as reproductive locations for remnant lake sturgeon populations remain understudied. The objective of this study was to compare and contrast aspects of larval lake sturgeon drift within and between the Oconto and Menominee Rivers over multiple reproductive seasons. Differences in larval drift chronology, the size of drifting larvae during the season and the cross-sectional profile of drifting individuals as a function of river velocity were evaluated. D-frame drift nets were deployed at a single transect below spawning sites in the Menominee (2012, 2013 and 2014) and Oconto Rivers (2013, 2014 and 2015). A total of 4,442 larvae were captured across all seasons. Larvae exhibited nonrandom drift profiles related to water velocity, and larvae size was related to horizontal drift location. The seasonal increase in body size of drifting larvae also differed among drift events within and between years and across rivers. This information will provide a better understanding of lake sturgeon early life history and has practical management connections including spawning site protection/enhancement and river flow mitigation.     

流速对西伯利亚鲟（Acipenser baerii）行为特性，抗氧化酶及体内盐酸恩诺沙星残留的影响

以西伯利亚鲟幼鱼[体质量（82．1±4．9）g]为实验材料,设置0 BL/s对照组,1．0和2．0 BL/s （体长/秒）3种流速条件,于处理后1 d,15 d和30 d 取样,进行鱼类行为学指标和抗氧化酶的测定。在此基础上,以50 mg/kg剂量,连续7 d混饲给药,研究了流速对停药后西伯利亚鲟肌肉组织中盐酸恩诺沙星残留的影响。结果表明：和静水对照组相比,实验期间各时段2个流速组西伯利亚鲟摆尾频率和趋流率均显著上升（ P＜0．05）。1．0 BL/s组流速下有最高的趋流率,2．0 BL/s组流速下有最高的摆尾频率;同一流速下西伯利亚鲟摆尾频率和趋流率随养殖时间的延长没有明显差异。 CAT、SOD和MDA 活力随着流速的增加而显著增强,两流速组均显著大于静水组（ P＜0．05）,2．0 BL/s组流速下活力最高;3种抗氧化酶活力随养殖时间的延长差异均不显著。与静水对照组相比,停药后各时间点2．0 BL/s流速组鱼肌肉盐酸恩诺沙星含量均显著减少（ P＜0．05）,在停药第8天已低于检出限,1．0 BL/s流速组鱼在停药第12天已低于检出限,而静水对照组则在停药20 d才低于检出限。研究结果说明适当的水流刺激可以诱导鱼类进行逆流运动,促进鱼体抗氧化酶活力的激活和加速药物残留的排除。     

Effects of dietary estradiol-17β in juvenile shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum, Lesueur

Shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum, were fed estradiol-17β (E₂) in commercial salmon feed in two separate experiments, with the aim of creating all-female populations for aquaculture. In the first experiment, 5-month-old fish were fed 0 (control), 10, 50 and 100 mg E₂/kg feed during a 9-month trial starting in September. This experiment was confounded by copper contamination of the heated water source that appeared to cause E₂-dose-dependent mortality. As a result, a second, parallel experiment was conducted on the same year class of fish starting at age 7 months in November, but with hormone dosage reduced to 0, 10, 25 and 50 mg E₂/kg feed in a 7-month trial. In both experiments, control and 10 mg E₂/kg groups remained active and fed well, but the other fish were less active and fed less as E₂ dosage increased. Histological observations indicated that anatomical differentiation of the ovaries had begun in 3 of 5 individuals examined at the start of Experiment 2. In January, sub-samples of 6 fish from each group showed that E₂-treated fish had mottled livers, swollen kidneys and reduced gonad size. The number of hepatocytes and their staining characteristics were similar in both the control and 10 mg E₂/kg groups. At 25 mg E₂/kg and higher, the number of hepatocytes and the presence and quantity of yolk protein increased with the E₂ dosage. At final sampling in May, all of the treatment groups showed some individuals with these pathologies evident macroscopically, and their frequency and severity increased with E₂ dosage such that all individuals of the 100 mg E₂/kg group were affected. In general, fish grew better and had lower mortality in Experiment 2 (8.5%, as compared to 15.2% for Experiment 1) during the period of E₂ treatment. Final sampling revealed that all treated fish were apparently feminized in both experiments, based on anatomical differentiation of the gonads. Control groups, on the other hand, were 65 and 58% female in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively.     

温度、氨氮和亚硝氮对西伯利亚鲟胚胎孵化的联合影响效应

鲟鱼作为具有重要生态和经济价值的水生生物，在气候变暖和人类活动的影响下其自然繁育面临巨大威胁。为了探究环境因子对鲟鱼早期胚胎发育的影响，本研究采用3因子3水平的Box-Behnken设计和响应曲面分析法，开展了温度（14-22 ℃）、氨氮（0.05-0.15 mg/L）和亚硝氮（0.05-0.25 mg/L）对西伯利亚鲟鱼(Acipenser baerii)早期胚胎发育的联合影响效应研究，旨在建立温度、氨氮和亚硝氮对西伯利亚鲟鱼胚胎孵化率的定量关系，并通过多元回归得出温度，氨氮和亚硝氮的最佳组合。结果表明，随着温度的升高，西伯利亚鲟鱼胚胎的孵化率呈现先升高后降低的趋势，随着氨氮和亚硝氮浓度的降低，西伯利亚鲟鱼胚胎孵化率逐渐升高。水温与氨氮的联合效应对鲟鱼胚胎孵化率的影响呈显著水平（p < 0.05），而水温与亚硝氮的联合效应以及氨氮与亚硝氮的联合效应对鲟鱼胚胎孵化率的影响不显著（p > 0.05）。建立的西伯利亚鲟鱼胚胎孵化率模型方程的相关系数为0.9832，校正相关系数为0.9616。通过模型优化得出西伯利亚鲟鱼的胚胎在温度18 ℃，氨氮浓度低于0.08 mg/L和亚硝氮浓度低于0.13 mg/L条件下西伯利亚鲟鱼胚胎的孵化率最高，达到90%以上。