重寄生真菌盾壳霉与核盘菌对峙培养的差异代谢物分析

运用基于液相质谱联用技术的代谢组分析手段,检测重寄生真菌盾壳霉和宿主植物病原菌核盘菌对峙培养时的代谢物差异。结果发现:盾壳霉与核盘菌对峙接触能显著诱发盾壳霉代谢物的分泌,构建盾壳霉特定代谢物数据库检测到3种代谢物涉及重寄生过程,分别为Macrosphelide A,Benzenediol和5-Aminopentanoate,且对峙接触2d时检测到的代谢物积累量最大。对盾壳霉重寄生过程代谢物变化的分析结果表明,真菌重寄生能诱发代谢物水平的交流和次级代谢物积累。     

人工microRNAs干扰At3A06基因增强了拟南芥对菌核病的敏感性

基于本研究室自主开发的油菜防御cDNA芯片分析结果,油菜基因Bn3A06受菌核病诱导后特异上调表达。序列比对发现,该基因与拟南芥基因At3A06高度同源,后者编码289个氨基酸,功能未知。本研究用花序浸染法将At3A06基因的人工微RNA(amiRNA)干扰载体(该载体包含一个除草剂草胺磷抗性基因)转化拟南芥。经草胺磷筛选获得3株T1代转基因植株,PCR检测均为阳性;荧光定量PCR检测表明,与野生型对照相比,3个转基因植株的At3A06基因的表达量均显著降低;对其T2代进行菌核病抗性鉴定,结果显示转基因株系对菌核病的敏感性均显著增强(P0.05)。推测At3A06基因可能参与了植物的防御反应,与植株对核盘菌抗性相关。     

油菜菌核病内生拮抗细菌的筛选及防病作用研究

以油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum为靶标菌,测定了63株内生细菌对其菌丝生长、菌核形成及萌发的抑制作用。结果表明:在所有供试菌株中,除1株未表现出抑菌活性外,其余菌株均有抑菌作用,其中有6.3％的菌株抑菌带大于10 mm,7株细菌可完全抑制病原菌的菌核形成,1株细菌可完全抑制菌核萌发;此外,结合生物测定结果,从中筛选到1株对油菜菌核病的高效生防菌株Em7,其无菌培养滤液对温室苗期油菜菌核病的防治效果可达97.5％。通过形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析,认为该菌株属于枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。于接种病菌前后不同时间喷施菌株Em7无菌培养滤液,对油菜菌核病均有防治效果,但防效之间差异显著,以接种病菌前24 h喷施防效最高。原液及不同稀释度无菌培养滤液对菌丝生长、菌核萌发及病害防治的效果明显不同,随着稀释度的增加,其抑菌效果降低。显微观察结果表明,菌株Em7对油菜菌核病菌菌丝的生长与发育会产生明显影响,可致使菌丝畸形、皱缩及细胞质外渗。     

利用实时荧光定量PCR 技术检测油菜菌核病菌

 采用高通量实时荧光定量PCR 技术建立检测和监测油菜菌核病菌群体数量的方法。利用油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotiniasclerotiorum)的茁-微管蛋白基因内含子序列的特异性,设计引物对SclSF (5'-CTCAAATCTCCGAAAGTT -3') / SclAF (5'-TGCAGACGGGTAATATG -3'),建立和优化了SYBR Green 玉实时荧光定量PCR 检测体系。结果表明,该引物对能够从8种所测试的十字花科植物常见病原真菌中特异性扩增出油菜菌核病菌;所建立的实时定量PCR 技术可应用于油菜病叶和病茎中菌核病菌的早期检测及菌核病的预测预报。     

葱兰菌核病在三峡库区的发生及药剂防治研究

葱兰菌核病是葱兰上发生的一种新病害,近年来在三峡库区葱兰上为害日趋严重。通过对病害的系统调查,基本摸清该病的侵染循环及在库区的发生为害情况。经室内分离培养鉴定及对多种寄主的接种试验,确定该病病原及部分寄主范围。对纯化的病原菌采用4种药剂进行室内毒力测定,结果表明：55%嘧霉胺?多菌灵复配剂（春佳）对葱兰菌核病的效果最佳,其效果明显优于50％多?菌核净（菌脱）、25%福美双腐霉利可湿性粉剂（立佳欣）和8.50%异菌脲可湿性粉剂（大扑因）。为该病的有效防控提供参考。     

Host‐induced gene silencing in the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungus that causes a devastating disease called white mould, infecting more than 450 plant species worldwide. Control of this disease with fungicides is limited, so host plant resistance is the preferred alternative for disease management. However, due to the nature of the disease, breeding programmes have had limited success. A potential alternative to developing necrotrophic fungal resistance is the use of host‐induced gene silencing (HIGS) methods, which involves host expression of dsRNA‐generating constructs directed against genes in the pathogen. In this study, the target gene chosen was chitin synthase (chs), which commands the synthesis of chitin, the polysaccharide that is a crucial structural component of the cell walls of many fungi. Tobacco plants were transformed with an interfering intron‐containing hairpin RNA construct for silencing the fungal chs gene. Seventy‐two hours after inoculation, five transgenic lines showed a reduction in disease severity ranging from 55·5 to 86·7% compared with the non‐transgenic lines. The lesion area did not show extensive progress over this time (up to 120 h). Disease resistance and silencing of the fungal chs gene was positively correlated with the presence of detectable siRNA in the transgenic lines. It was demonstrated that expression of endogenous genes from the very aggressive necrotrophic fungus S. sclerotiorum could be prevented by host induced silencing. HIGS of the fungal chitin synthase gene can generate white mould‐tolerant plants. From a biotechnological perspective, these results open new prospects for the development of transgenic plants resistant to necrotrophic fungal pathogens.     

The control of sclerotinia stem rot on oilseed rape (Brassica napus): current practices and future opportunities

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a major disease of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). During infection, large, white/grey lesions form on the stems of the host plant, perturbing seed development and decreasing yield. Due to its ability to produce long‐term storage structures called sclerotia, S. sclerotiorum inoculum can persist for long periods in the soil. Current SSR control relies heavily on cultural practices and fungicide treatments. Cultural control practices aim to reduce the number of sclerotia in the soil or create conditions that are unfavourable for disease development. These methods of control are under increased pressure in some regions, as rotations tighten and inoculum levels increase. Despite their ability to efficiently kill S. sclerotiorum, preventative fungicides remain an expensive gamble for SSR control, as their effectiveness is highly dependent on the ability to predict the establishment of microscopic infections in the crop. Failure to correctly time fungicide applications can result in a substantial cost to the grower. This review describes the scientific literature pertaining to current SSR control practices. Furthermore, it details recent advances in alternative SSR control methods including the generation of resistant varieties through genetic modification and traditional breeding, and biocontrol. The review concludes with a future directive for SSR control on oilseed rape.     

向日葵菌核病接种方法及品种抗病性鉴定

为建立有效的向日葵菌核病田间接种鉴定方法,以核盘菌菌丝体悬浮液和孢子悬浮液作为接种物,分别对抗、感向日葵品种在现蕾期、始花期和盛花期进行人工接种,并对接种后保湿材料和保湿时间进行比较。试验结果表明:两种接种物均可使向日葵抗、感品种产生盘腐症状。用菌丝体悬浮液和孢子悬浮液接种时,浓度分别为10.0~15.0g/L和200~500个/mL,始花期接种,牛皮纸袋保湿2~4d,即可区分出向日葵品种间抗感性差异。用此方法鉴定出13个对盘腐型菌核病表现抗病的向日葵品种。     

不结球白菜感染菌核病后4个生理生化指标分析

选用4个对菌核病具有不同抗性的不结球白菜品种003-R-6、Y3-R-4、109-S-9和003-S-7为试验材料,于四叶一心期接种核盘菌,采用苗期琼脂块叶片接种法测定各品种对菌核病的抗性,并分别测定接种前后叶片中4个生理生化指标。结果表明,苗期琼脂块叶片接种法与田间自然诱发鉴定结果相一致,可有效反映抗、感品种的差异。在核盘菌影响下,4个抗、感病品种中不结球白菜的丙二醛(MDA)含量、游离氨基酸(FAA)总量、几丁质酶活性和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性均有所变化。其中丙二醛(MDA)含量、游离氨基酸(FAA)总量表现为感病品种增加幅度大于抗病品种,而几丁质酶活性、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性均表现为抗病品种增加幅度大于感病品种,说明各指标与品种抗病性强弱存在一定的相关性。     

油菜菌核病致病机理的研究 Ⅶ.抗(耐)病性的组织病理学

本文切片分析了油菜菌核病抗(耐)病性的组织病理学。结果表明:在不同感病程度的甘蓝型油莱品种(系)上菌核病菌的侵染和扩展特性包括附着胞类型、病菌在组织内的扩展以及寄主的能动反应诸方面均存在显著不同。