生物炭老化对土壤重金属的固定效应研究进展

生物炭作为一种环境友好、稳定性强的钝化材料,因其巨大的比表面积、丰富的含氧官能团等特点成为目前修复重金属污染土壤的有效材料.然而,生物炭(改性)对重金属的固定能力及效应除受本身特性影响外,还受到材料老化过程及环境条件等因素的影响,导致生物炭(改性)固定土壤重金属的稳定性、持久性发生变化,从而使得生物炭材料的钝化性能受到影响.本文重点综述了当前生物炭(改性)及其老化产物对土壤重金属固定效应的相关进展,分析了生物炭及其老化产物固定重金属的相关机制及影响因素,并对生物炭及其老化过程可能带来的土壤重金属固定长效性影响,以及今后以此为基础的钝化技术的研发趋势进行了展望,以期为利用生物炭钝化修复重金属污染土壤及相关辅助技术研发提供支撑.     

微生物在不同pH下对水稻土胶体中砷释放的影响

为探讨水稻土胶体与类金属砷（As）的生物地球环境行为,本研究对比分析了微生物在初始pH=3和初始pH=7的不同酸碱条件下对土壤胶体负载As释放的作用差异,并揭示其内在机制。结果表明：在pH=3条件下微生物作用相对较弱,对胶体悬液pH与Eh影响较小,与无菌对照组相比,溶液中Fe²⁺与As含量均有所提高,且释放的As主要为氧化态As（Ⅴ）;在pH=7条件下微生物活性较强,至28 d时可使胶体悬液pH升至8.12,Eh降至-55 mV,形成强还原环境,铁还原溶解量明显增多,Fe²⁺含量是无菌对照组的2.79倍,并且胶体中吸附态As随着Fe的还原溶解而释放,主要为还原态As（Ⅲ）。相关性分析表明,土壤胶体中As的释放与铁氧化物的还原转化有关,溶液中As释放量与Fe²⁺含量呈显著正相关关系,尤其在中性条件下As（Ⅲ）含量与Fe²⁺极显著正相关（r=0.798**,P<0.01）。研究表明,在中性环境条件下较强的微生物活性可提高土壤胶体中铁氧化物的异化还原,同时增强As的释放与转化。     

日粮添加碳酸氢钠对蛋鸡肠道菌群多样性的影响

900羽21周龄海兰褐蛋鸡随机分成5组,每组6个重复,每个重复30羽。分别在基础日粮中添加0、0．1％、0．5％、2．5％、5％NaHCO3,持续10周。结果显示,与对照组相比,0．1％组蛋鸡盲肠乳酸菌数量增加,大肠杆菌数量降低,菌群多样性指数提高（P〉0．05）。0．5％组蛋鸡粪便pH值显著提高（P〈0．05）,乳酸菌数量增加,菌群多样性指数提高（P〉0．05）。2．5％、5％组蛋鸡粪便pH值、水分含量极显著高于其他组（P〈0．01）。同时,2．5％、5％组盲肠乳酸杆菌数量降低（P〉0．05或P〈0.05）,大肠杆菌数量增高（P〉0．05或P〈0．05）,5％组菌群多样性指数亦显著降低前3组（P〈0．05）。结果表明,日粮添加NaHCO3超过2．5％,蛋鸡腹泻严重,肠道菌群平衡严重破坏。而当NaHCO3的添加量低于0．5％时,肠道有益菌数量和菌群多样性指数呈增加趋势,蛋鸡生产性能维持正常。因此,本试验提示蛋鸡生产中饲料添加剂NaHCO3最高耐受量为0．5％。     

卤虫虾片对水体pH值的影响

通过喂养中国对虾幼体试验，分别以卤虫虾片试验组和传统饵对照组进行。试验表明，在幼体成活率方面，前者稍优于后者，在养殖水体的最主要指标PH方面，二者差别不大。说明投喂卤虫虾片对中国对虾幼体的成活率和水质无良影响，用低值的卤虫虾片代替部分或全部高价的活体饵料是切实可行的，能够满足育苗需要。     

提高种植土 pH 值、电导率方法

南方雨水多导致土壤偏酸和电导率低,原生土一般不可直接用作园林种植土。如何提高土壤的 pH 值与电导率,成为南方园林绿化工作者的重要课题。广州市生态景观林带项目——广河高速凤凰山隧道绿化工程采用增施无机肥的方法来改良种植土,是改良南方酸性种植土电导率低的有益尝试。     

酸碱度和干露对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫和稚贝的影响

为探讨酸碱度和干露对墨西哥湾扇贝不同发育阶段的影响,2000年4月和2001年4月在浙江省玉环县抛西水产育苗场用实验生态的方法研究了酸碱度和干露对墨西哥湾扇贝浮游幼虫和稚贝生长和存活的影响。结果表明:pH值7～8存活率最高,生长最好。稚贝的耐干露能力低下。     

Effects of temperature, salinity and pH on larval growth, survival and development of the sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera Theel

For large-scale seed production of sea cucumbers through a hatchery system, it is imperative to know the effects of environmental parameters on larval rearing. Auricularia larvae (48 h post-fertilization) were obtained from induced spawning of Holothuria spinifera and used in experiments to ascertain the effects of temperature, salinity and pH on the growth and survivorship of the larvae. The larvae were reared for 12 days at temperatures of 20, 25, 28 and 32 °C; salinities of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ppt; and pH of 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 7.8, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0. The highest survivorship and growth rate and fastest development of auricularia indicated that water temperature of 28–32 °C, salinity of 35 ppt and pH of 7.8 were the most suitable conditions for rearing larvae of H. spinifera.     

Effect of pH on the gelation of walleye pollack surimi and carp actomyosin pastes

ABSTRACT: The effect of pH on thermal gelation and transglutaminase (TGase; EC2.3.2.13)-induced suwari (setting) of surimi and actomyosin pastes was investigated. A strong and elastic gel was produced from walleye pollack surimi paste at pH 7.0 in the presence of Ca²⁺ using a two-step heating method. In contrast, walleye pollack actomyosin paste formed a weak gel under the same conditions as a result of the low concentration of endogenous TGase. In the presence of EGTA [ethyleneglycol bis(2-aminoethylether) tetraacetic acid], weak gels were formed at pH values of 7.0 and 6.0. Non-proteolytic modori (gel weakening) occurred extensively in the course of actomyosin gelation, but not in surimi gelation. Maximum TGase-induced myosin heavy chain cross-linking was observed at a slightly higher pH of 7.5 than at the optimal pH of endogenous TGase activity; the difference being derived from different substrates. Gelation of carp actomyosin paste at pH values of 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 was monitored by measuring storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G"). A weak gel was formed at all pH values, but a slightly rigid and less elastic gel was obtained at lower pH values. The addition of microbial TGase (MTGase) formed strong elastic gels at pH 7.0 and 6.5. MTGase cross-linked myosin heavy chains even at pH 5.5, but contributed neither to suwari response nor strong gel formation. Overall, results suggest that the optimal pH for the gelation of surimi paste from easy-setting fish species is a compromise between the pH-optima of TGase activity and of preferable actomyosin conformation for myosin cross-linking.     

Dietary formic acid enhances apparent digestibility of minerals in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

The effect of dietary formic acid on the availability of phosphorus (P) from a fishmeal-based diet by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), reared in brackish water (5–6 g L⁻¹) was determined. Diets containing a low amount of P (6.0 mg P g⁻¹ dry matter) were acidified with 0, 4 and 10 mL kg⁻¹ formic acid and fed to trout (average weight, 520 g) for 4 weeks. The measured pH of the diets were 6.3, 5.8 and 5.3, respectively. The intestinal solubility of P and the digestibility of P were measured by stripping the faecal matter from the fish. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of P significantly ( P < 0.05) increased from 69.5% to 75.0% of the basal diet in fish fed diets containing 10 mL kg⁻¹ formic acid. The solubility of P in the intestine was highly variable within each treatment, and the differences were not significant. The pH of intestinal content increased with the increase in dietary formic acid concentration. The ADC of magnesium and calcium also showed a significant ( P < 0.05) increase with the acidification of diet by formic acid.     

磷形态和pH对剩余污泥磷释放的影响

为了探讨pH对污泥中磷的释放行为的影响,采用SMT(欧洲标准测试组织)法对上海三处污水处理厂的剩余污泥中磷的形态进行了分析,并通过室内模拟实验研究了不同pH条件下3种污泥中的磷在海水中的释放行为。结果表明:3种污泥样品的总磷含量各不相同,污泥有机磷含量低,无机磷是主要赋存形态,占TP(总磷)含量的64.42%~83.01%。各形态磷的相关性分析发现,污泥总磷含量主要受NAIP(非磷灰石无机磷)和AP(磷灰石无机磷)影响。室内试验表明,污泥中的磷在酸性、中性和碱性海水环境下均有释放,相比中性条件,酸性和碱性水质更有利于磷的释放;污泥中磷的释放与磷的形态分布有关,但磷释放量大小并不简单取决于总磷和无机磷的含量。