The Rumen Degradation Characteristics of Whole Sugarcane for Dairy Cows and Its Application in Substituting Alfalfa,Oat Hay and Concentrate in Dairy Cows' Diets

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of whole sugarcane of dairy cows and its effects of using it replacing alfalfa, oat hay and concentrates in dairy cows' diet on the rumen fermentation, nutrient apparent digestibility, blood biochemical indexes and production performance of dairy cows, in order to open up new ways to replace the increasing prices feedstuff such as alfalfa, oat hay and concentrate in dairy cows' diets with whole sugarcane. In experiment one, the in-situ test, namely the rumen nylon bag test was used to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of various nutrients of whole sugarcane, leymus chinensis and alfalfa. Experiment two was in vivo test,repeat 3 ⅹ 3 Latin square design was conducted and Holstein dairy cows with similar body weight, parities and milk yield and permanent rumen fistula were chosen to investigate the effect of using whole sugarcane replacing 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows. In experiment three, 60 Holstein dairy cows with similar parity, milk yield and milk in lactation were selected to perform production test, which aimed to explore the effects of using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate on the production performance, blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows and the economic benefits of dairy farms. The results showed that：1) The effective degradation rates of dry matter (DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of whole sugarcane were significantly higher than leymus chinensis (P<0.05), and the effective degradation rates of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and organic matter (OM) were significantly higher than leymus chinensis and alfalfa (P<0.05). 2) There was no significant effect on rumen pH, NH₃-N (except 25% group at the 4 h time point) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of dairy cows when using 25% and 50% whole sugarcane to replace imported alfalfa from the Unites States in the diet. There was also no significant effect on DMI and digestibility of DM, CP, OM and ADF, while the digestibility of NDF in the 50% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In 50% group, the content of serum urea nitrogen in 2 and 8 h was significantly lower than 25% group and control group (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in the blood content of β-hydroxybutyric acid, rumen VFA and total VFA in each group at different time points. 3) After using 50%, 30% and 10% of whole sugarcane to replace oat hay, alfalfa hay and concentrate, respectively, no significant difference was detected in blood glucose, urea nitrogen, β-hydroxybutyric acid, the esterification of fatty acid (NEFA), and milk yield. Besides, combined with milk yield and feed cost, the economic benefits of each cow in the substitution groups increased by 3.28, 7.48 and 1.62 yuan per day. respectively, compared with control group. It can be seen that the whole sugarcane is a kind of high-quality roughage that can be used by dairy cows with high digestibility, and using it to replace 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet does not affect the rumen fermentation characteristics and rumen apparent digestibility of nutrients of dairy cows. And using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate will not affect the blood biochemical indicators and production performance of dairy cows, and will also increase the economic benefits of the dairy farm.     

极端干旱区垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长及水分利用效率的影响

灌溉方式对根系湿润方式的不同会影响作物生长及其对水分的利用效率。以常规滴灌方式为对照,通过田间试验研究了垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长和水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:葡萄生育关键期灌水前后垂直线源灌方式根层土壤平均含水率可达到田间持水率的75.1%和82.8%,常规滴灌方式为田间持水率的60%和72%;垂直线源灌条件下净光合速率,蒸腾速率,气孔导度均较常规滴灌高,净光合速率均经历了气孔限制和非气孔限制,其中由水分胁迫引起的非气孔限制,垂直线源灌晚于常规滴灌出现,且表现不明显;垂直线源灌方式在地上生物量生长方面略好于常规滴灌方式,但两者未表现出明显差异;垂直线源灌方式较常规滴灌方式在产量上提高了1.2%;叶片水平上的水分利用效率,垂直线源灌方式较常规滴灌方式提高了57.4%。     

玉米抗旱相关生理生化指标研究及品种筛选

对水分胁迫下12个玉米品种产量、水分利用效率和抗旱相关生理生化指标的分析表明,各品种产量与水分利用效率差异均达到显著水平(p<0.05),其中宁玉309、辽单565、郑单958、大民338四个品种的产量与水分利用效率达到较高水平;叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量等抗旱相关生理生化指标值的差异在水分胁迫下达到显著水平(p<0.05)。通过12个玉米品种生理生化指标值进行的聚类分析表明,辽单565、郑单518、北育288及大民338聚为一类,它们可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、相对含水量较高,丙二醛含量较低,抗旱性强;郑单958、益丰29、铁研124及秀青74-5聚为一类,它们可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、相对含水量较低,丙二醛含量较高,抗旱性弱;宁玉309、大丰26、冀玉10及抚玉8号的各抗旱相关生理生化指标含量居中,抗旱性中等。结果表明:辽单565和大民338两个品种在具有较高抗旱性基础上,产量与水分利用效率也达到较高水平,达到了节水、抗旱、增产的目标,适合推广应用。     

过山青水提物对小鼠肝·肾功能及血细胞计数的急性毒性研究

[目的]通过过山青对小鼠的急性毒性试验,确定过山青水提取物短期内使用有无毒性。[方法]将不同浓度的过山青灌喂小鼠后,连续观察10 d,记录小鼠体征及活动情况,并检测小鼠的肝肾功能和血常规。[结果]过山青水提物对小鼠的血常规中白细胞的影响大,但没有线性关系,高低计量影响相对较小,而中剂量的影响却很大。过山青水提物对淋巴细胞和单核细胞的影响不大,对中性粒细胞的影响比较大,对红细胞的影响,除D组外,影响较小,对血红蛋白的影响也不明显。过山青对小鼠体征及活动情况无明显影响,使血液中白细胞和中性粒细胞降低,导致免疫功能下降;较大剂量时导致肝脏毒性,对肾脏的影响不明显。[结论]过山青水提取物对小鼠有一定的毒理作用,较大剂量时毒性较大。     

不同基因型玉米品种抗旱性田间鉴定研究

为研究不同品种玉米在干旱条件下的形态与产量性状、明确不同基因型玉米品种的抗旱性,采用产量抗旱指数为评价参数,分析各性状与参数间的关系,筛选出有效的综合评价指标,并对各品种的抗旱性进行分类。结果表明,干旱处理下玉米品种籽粒产量均明显低于正常处理,雌雄开花间隔增加,株高和穗位高降低,穗短小,秃尖多,穗粒数少,粒质量轻,最终导致产量下降。雌雄开花间隔、保绿性与产量抗旱指数之间呈极显著或显著相关。通过这些形态指标可鉴选出抗旱性好的品种。     

短暂UV-B辐射诱导的玉米根系和叶片保护性酶比较分析

为揭示玉米受到UV-B辐射后其地上部分和地下部分对辐射响应的情况,以玉米杂交种垦玉7号为材料,分析了短暂UV-B辐射后玉米叶片和根系中POD、SOD和MDA等保护性酶活性。结果表明:供试的3个酶在叶片和根系中随处理时间的变化趋势基本相反;除根系POD活性显著降低外,辐射诱导的根系和叶片保护性酶变化幅度均差异不显著;值得关注的是,根系中3个保护性酶变化幅度最大时间点均比叶片早,提前12～36h。由此可见,UV-B辐射对玉米幼苗的叶片和根系中POD、SOD和MDA产生不同程度的影响,其中地下部根系保护性酶对短暂UV-B辐射更敏感,尤其是POD酶。     

苏打盐碱胁迫对甜高粱叶片结构及抗性指标的影响

为确定以Na2CO3和NaHCO3为主要成分的苏打盐碱胁迫对甜高粱叶片结构及抗性影响,研究了盐碱胁迫下甜高粱品种314B和M-81E叶片结构与幼苗生理指标的变化。结果表明:针对应试的两个甜高粱品种,苏打盐碱胁迫可极显著减小叶片厚度、中脉厚度和最大导管直径,极显著增加叶片上下角质层及下表皮厚度(P<0.01)。增加叶绿体中淀粉粒和嗜锇滴颗粒数,且发生叶绿体被膜和基质分离现象;使线粒体内膜上嵴数量减少,甚至消失。株高和茎基周长均比对照极显著减小,叶绿体色素极显著增加(P<0.01);叶片质膜相对透性和脯氨酸含量极显著升高,品种间丙二醛含量的变化差异较大。过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均极显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性极显著降低(P<0.01)。比较叶片结构和抗性生理指标变化可知,品种M-81E比314B抗盐碱性强。     

镉对小麦（Triticum aestivum）干物质积累、转移及籽粒产量的影响

采用大田试验以不同镉耐性的洛麦23(镉耐性弱)和中育10号(镉耐性强)为试验材料,研究了镉(0、10、50、100mg·kg-1)对不同镉耐性小麦品种干物质积累、干物质转移、叶面积指数及产量的影响。结果表明,一定浓度范围的Cd胁迫可以增加小麦的叶面积指数,当超过这一浓度范围则呈现为抑制作用,这一临界值因小麦品种不同而异。结果同时表明,一定浓度范围的Cd处理对小麦各器官的干物质积累及同化物转移同样具有促进作用,这一临界值不仅因小麦品种不同而异,也因器官不同而异。镉胁迫导致小麦籽粒产量下降,3个Cd处理下洛麦23籽粒产量较对照依次下降了8.3%、34.3%、51.6%,中育10号产量下降程度较小,依次下降了3.7%、9.5%、29.3%。整体而言,镉胁迫影响了小麦的正常生长发育,导致小麦减产。同时,这种影响也存在品种差异性,镉耐性较大的中育10号叶面积指数受抑制程度较小,干物质积累量较大,各器官同化物转移途径受Cd损伤较轻,最终在籽粒产量上表现优于镉耐性较弱的洛麦23。     

海南黑牛体型外貌测定与杂交效果初探

海南黑牛是利用良种日本黑毛和牛的冷冻精液与海南黄牛(雷琼黄牛)母牛进行人工授精所产的杂交后代.通过对海南黑牛进行外貌观察和体尺测量,研究其体型外貌与双亲的差异.结果表明,海南黑牛的多项体尺指标与母、父本相比都发生了变化.其外貌主要特征表现为头小颈短、面部清秀,体躯紧凑,背腰平直,无肩峰,毛呈黑色;而体尺测量除管围和管围指数外,体重、体高、胸围、体长等指标均比海南黄牛要小.即在外貌特征上,海南黑牛总体表现双亲的特性,毛色呈现日本和牛黑毛,体型接近海南黄牛小而清秀,但前期生长发育缓慢,表现出当地小型黄牛的特性.     

一例外伤感染东北虎血液生理生化指标的测定

对阳泉市动物园一只受伤的圈养成年雄性东北虎血液生理生化指标进行了测定,共测定68个项目值,其中凝血酶原时间、国际标准化比率、纤维蛋白原、活化部分凝血活酶时间、凝血酶时间、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、载脂蛋白AI、载脂蛋白B、载脂A/载脂B、超敏C反应蛋白、抗链0、β2微球蛋白、胱抑素C、类风湿因子等数据为该试验首次报道;球蛋白、单核细胞等项目数值变化较大,与外伤感染关系密切。此次测定为诊断和治疗提供了依据,充实了东北虎血液学数据,同时为东北虎的研究和保护提供了资料和参考。