4种农药对枇杷园土壤磷酸酶活性及微生物呼吸的影响

应用室内培养方法研究了甲基托布津、代森锰锌、杀灭菊酯、阿维菌素4种农药对枇杷园土壤磷酸酶活性及微生物呼吸的影响,并对4种农药进行了安全性评价。结果表明,经杀菌剂甲基托布津和代森锰锌处理的土壤,磷酸酶活性受到明显抑制,且抑制效果未见恢复。经杀灭菊酯和阿维菌素处理的土壤,磷酸酶活性变化呈现"抑制-恢复-激活"趋势;抑制作用随农药浓度的升高而增强;但7d后磷酸酶活性受到了一定程度的激活,35d达到最高值;高浓度杀灭菊酯和低浓度阿维菌素显示出较强的激活作用。农药对土壤微生物呼吸作用的影响初期表现为轻微激活,5d后出现抑制作用,12d后基本恢复正常,接近对照水平。通过安全性评价可知,供试4种农药对土壤微生物的危害较小,为无毒害或无实际危害的农药。     

农产品农药残留的标准、检测和降解技术的研究进展

概述了农产品中的农药残留标准现状、农药残留分析方法及存在问题和国内外降解农药残留研 究的主要成果,介绍了当前国内外在农药残留分析中应用的固相萃取、微波辅助萃取及固相微萃取等样 品前处理技术,以及在农药残留的降解脱除中应用的超声波清洗和电离辐射等物理方法、臭氧氧化技术 和光降解等化学方法、细茵和真菌等微生物降解方法等,并针对我国的实际情况提出了今后农药残留研 究的重点和方向。     

激光在现代农业及生物科学中的应用

激光自诞生以来，其在农业和生物科学以及其它诸多领域中得到了日益广泛的应用，并获得了巨大的成功。本文对激光进行了概述并从激光作用于生物有机体的效应这个角度阐述了应用于农业领域的激光技术。     

生物体内氨基酸与遗传密码关系研究

mRNA的核苷酸序列通过密码子决定了蛋白质的氨基酸序列 ,密码子的使用频率及其在mRNA二级结构中分布的差异 ,影响到氨基酸的相对含量及蛋白质的空间结构。密码子的使用频率及氨酰 -tRNA合成酶对tRNA的识别 ,影响到生物体内氨基酸的生物配比     

Study on Effect of Pesticides on Rice Leaf Photosynthate Export Rate with Tracer Kinetics

Impacts of three pesticides, triazophos, jingganmycin and bisultap, on the export rate of photosynthate of rice leaf were studied with 14C for rice varieties, spraying time and application rate. Dynamics data of photosynthate of labeled rice functional leaves of different treatments were recorded with living plant nutrient detection instrument with multi-probes through tracer method of radioactive nuclide. Compartment analysis model and mathematical equations were constructed using principle and method of kinetics analysis,calculating constant (K) of export rate. The result showed that the export rate of photosynthate of labeled leaf reduced after pesticide treatments. The reduction of the export rate was positively related with the pesticide application rates and mainly attributed to decrease of photosynthetic rate.     

The social construction of production externalities in contemporary agriculture: Process <Emphasis Type="Italic">versus</Emphasis> product standards as the basis for defining “organic”

The analysis distinguishes two types of standards for defining organic produce; process standards and product standards. Process standards define organic products by the method and means of production. Product standards define organic by the physical quality of the end product. The National Organic Program (NOP) uses process standards as the basis for defining organic. However, the situation is complicated by agricultural production practices, which sometimes result in the migration of NOP prohibited substances from conventional to organic fields. When this interaction alters the value of the product or the costs of production, a production externality is said to exist. Defining organic using process, rather than product standards, influences the burden and character of production externalities. The NOPs emphasis on process standards reduces the likelihood that production externalities will emerge.B. James Deaton is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Business and Agricultural Economics, University of Guelph, Canada. His research examines environmental and natural resource issues. He is particularly interested in the manner in which laws, rules, and standards influence environmental quality, natural resource use, and economic development. Additional research examines the relationship between different forms of private property and economic development, public support for various criteria used to preserve farmland, and the social construction of production externalities in agriculture. Prior to his PhD training, he worked on economic development projects in Lesotho (Southern Africa) and the Appalachian region of eastern Kentucky.John P. Hoehn is a Professor of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics in the Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. His teaching and research activities address environmental and natural resource policies, benefit-cost analysis of environmental improvements, methods for valuing non-market goods, improved institutions for protecting, managing, and using environmental resources, and the economics of ecological resources. He teaches core courses in the departmental and university-wide graduate programs in environmental and resource economics.     

灰色系统理论在预测路面使用性能中的应用

根据灰色系统理论建立GM(1,1)模型预测路面的使用性能,结合实例讨论了具体的预测方法和过程,并与人工神经网络(ANN)预测方法进行比较。预测结果和质量分析表明,灰色系统理论预测效果较优。     

前处理过程中采用活性炭过滤对蔬菜有机磷农残测定的影响

[目的]了解活性炭对蔬菜有机磷农药残留测定的影响。[方法]在西葫芦样品中添加一定量的7种有机磷农药混合标准溶液制成一定浓度的模拟加标样品,进行活性炭过滤和不使用活性炭过滤2种前处理,气相色谱法测定蔬菜中有机磷农药残留。[结果]活性炭过滤处理的7种有机磷农药的回收率都低于不使用活性炭处理。活性炭过滤后,甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、甲拌磷和毒死蜱的回收率都低于70%。不使用活性炭过滤处理的相对标准偏差为3.9%~7.7%,活性炭过滤处理的相对标准偏差为5.3%~18.2%,均符合要求。[结论]在前处理过程中采用活性炭过滤,会降低有机磷的回收率,影响测定结果,所以尽量不用活性炭。     

茶树生态系中的立体污染链与阻控

 运用农业立体污染的新概念，针对茶树和茶叶本身的特点，剖析了来自土壤、水源、空气中性质各异的污染物，包括农药残留、铅、氟、铝、硝酸盐、多环芳烃（PAHs）、多氯代二苯并二恶英/呋喃（PCDD/PCDF）等，在水-土、土-气、土-植物等不同相或界面间的相互交换和迁移特性。论述了茶园生态系中的立体污染链以及污染物对不同界面的偏嗜性和界面间转移的时空特征，分析了中国茶叶生产中的立体污染问题。在对茶叶中几种污染物安全性风险评价的基础上，从清洁化生产角度，讨论了不同界面间污染源的控制和污染链防阻技术和应用，探讨了未来创新研究的重点领域。