Engaging recreational scuba divers in marine citizen science: Differences according to popularity of the diving area

1. Characterizing the composition of divers visiting different diving areas could help to design marine citizen science (MCS) projects that support biodiversity monitoring and marine conservation.
2. Recreational scuba divers mostly prefer warm and clear waters with coral reefs, and based on the Duffus and Dearden’s wildlife tourism framework we hypothesized that a more popular diving area is visited mostly by generalist divers, whereas in a less popular diving area a higher proportion of specialist divers would be found.
3. Recreational scuba divers were surveyed in diving centres at two diving areas, Rapa Nui (more popular, with warm and clear coral-reef waters) and the Chilean mainland (less popular, with productive and temperate–cold waters), to determine their diving profile, visiting profile, marine species knowledge, and interest and participation in MCS.
4. Support for our hypothesis (generalist divers on Rapa Nui and specialist divers on the mainland) was weak, but recreational divers on Rapa Nui were mostly foreign visitors who come for single visits, whereas divers from the mainland were predominantly Chileans who return repeatedly to the diving area. In both diving areas the divers expressed a strong interest to be trained and to participate in MCS, but divers from Rapa Nui were interested in brief pre-dive inductions, whereas divers from the Chilean mainland preferred intensive training courses.
5. Based on these findings we recommend specific MCS strategies for divers in both types of areas, e.g. simple protocols in more popular diving areas, with short pre-dive briefings for divers, and medium or long-term programmes in areas where most divers are local with high return rates. In these latter conditions more extensive training will be useful, which allows divers to gain more experience and assume higher responsibilities within an MCS project.

     

枸杞岛海藻场夏、秋季的渔业资源变化

基于2005年夏、秋两季对枸杞岛海藻场渔业资源的调查数据,对海藻场内外渔业资源的组成、优势种变化、主要资源种类生物学特征以及多样性和相似性进行了研究。结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场内的渔业生物组成的季节变化比藻场外明显,但岩礁性鱼类除外;藻场内优势种夏季多于秋季,而藻场外两季相同,褐菖鲉在夏、秋季的藻场内皆为优势种;各种类生物学特征也存在着明显的季节差异,夏季的性比差别大,秋季接近平衡,平均年龄秋季大于夏季,平均摄食强度夏季高于秋季;多样性值在夏、秋两季海藻场外皆大于海藻场内。藻场内外,夏季的多样性指数都大于秋季;同一季节藻场内外的相似性很低,不同季节,藻场内的相似性同样很低。通过现场调查及生物学实验,夏季海藻场作为幼小鱼类的索饵场所的生态功能得到了确认。     

海南中部山区植被演变阶段植物物种多样性与群落结构多样性变化规律

以海南中部山区的草地、灌丛、次生林和原始林为演替系列,研究植被演替过程中群落结构多样性与物种多样性的变化规律。结果表明,群落演替过程中植物科属种数、总体Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数、乔灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数及垂直结构多样性指数都显著增大;群落结构多样性指数分别与群落植物科属种数、总体alpha物种多样性指数、灌木层和乔木层物种alpha多样性指数都显著正相关。通过恢复演替,植被复杂性和质量都呈增大趋势。     

1996—2020年海南岛水源涵养量时空变化及地理探测

[目的] 分析影响海南岛水源涵养量时空变化的主要驱动因素,为海南岛生态系统水源涵养功能重点区域识别及保护,水资源管理及区域可持续发展等方面提供决策依据。[方法] 基于InVEST模型产水量模块,定量分析海南岛1996—2020年水源涵养的时空变化,并对海南岛的水源涵养影响因素展开地理探测分析研究。[结果] ①1996—2020年海南岛水源涵养总量略微上升,多年平均水源涵养量为41.77 mm,水源涵养总量为1.42×10⁹ m³。空间上,海南岛水源涵养分布呈现东高西低及北高南低的特征。各地类中,林地的水源涵养能力较强,且面积占比大,对海南岛水源涵养量的贡献显著。②水源涵养量有较强的空间正相关性,呈现明显聚集特征,水源涵养重点区域主要分布于海南岛东中部、东部沿海海岸带以及海口市西部的火山熔岩湿地。③各因子对水源涵养影响力从大到小依次为降水量、土地利用类型、实际蒸散发和高程;因子交互作用,尤其是降水与土地利用的交互显著增强水源涵养分布的解释。[结论] 气候作用和人类活动主导了海南岛水源涵养量空间格局。未来既要充分考虑气候变化对水源涵养的影响,通过建立有效措施确保海南岛生态系统水源涵养功能有效适应全球变化,又要通过土地资源的合理利用与管理,确保土地生态安全。     

基于SWAT模型的南渡江流域土地利用/覆被变化的径流响应

为了探究热带岛屿性流域土地利用/覆被变化(Land Use/Cover Change,LUCC)的水文效应,以海南岛典型热带岛屿性流域南渡江流域为研究区,构建本地化SWAT模型,模拟流域水文过程及其对LUCC的响应,揭示流域径流的变化规律,对比不同土地利用类型的水文过程及调蓄能力,探讨了典型热带岛屿性流域LUCC的径流效应。结果表明:SWAT模型在南渡江流域的适用性良好,径流模拟对植被蒸散发、产生径流的坡面状况、土壤状况和地下水过程较敏感。不同土地利用类型对流域的产流贡献顺序为耕地>其他林地>橡胶林地; 耕地产流能力最强,其他林地和橡胶林地具有一定的截流蓄水作用。综上所述,与1990年相比,2015年南渡江流域河流径流量减少,流域LUCC导致的地表径流减少是河流径流量减少的直接原因,而蒸散发加剧是地表径流减少的主要原因。     

海南岛热带针阔叶林交错区群落环境特征

采用样带法,以海南岛霸王岭林区典型的热带针叶林与阔叶林交错区为研究对象,分析不同群落类型环境因子变化特征及研究区域内环境因子的综合特征。结果表明：随着林分经针阔交错区的变化,土壤 pH、土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、有效氮含量、有效磷含量和有效钾含量都表现为阔叶林区＞针阔交错区＞针叶林区,全钾含量、凋落物厚度和群落类型光因子表现为针叶林区＞针阔交错区＞阔叶林区,土壤含水量、全磷含量和土壤砂砾含量变化不显著;3种群落类型环境因子的相关性分析表明,除土壤含水量和全磷含量与其他环境因子之间无显著相关外,其他因子间都显著相关;3种群落类型环境因子的主成分分析表明,土壤 pH、土壤有机质含量、凋落物厚度和光因子对第1轴的贡献最大,全氮含量和有效磷含量对第2轴的贡献最大。     

青海湖鸟岛水分梯度下草地生物量分配格局初步研究

研究了青海湖鸟岛地区不同土壤水分梯度下个体与群落水平株高,根长和地上、地下生物量的分配。旨在：(1) 在小尺度上调查不同土壤水分梯度对草地高、根长和地上、地下生物量分配的影响;(2) 在个体和群落水平上检验同速生长理论;(3) 为青海湖周边地区地下生物量估计提供数据支持,并讨论环境因素对地下生物量与地上生物量比值(R/S)的影响。结果表明：个体水平上株高、根长、地上生物量、地下生物量都随土壤含水量的增加而降低;群落水平上地上生物量随土壤含水量的增加而增加,而地下生物量随土壤含水量的增加而降低。青海湖流域鸟岛地区个体水平上根长、株高比值的变化范围为0.3～6.0,均值和中值分别为1.6和1.3;个体水平地下生物量与地上生物量的比值也有较大的变化范围（0.4～11.3）,均值和中值分别为2.5和1.5;群落水平地上生物量变化范围为221.59～352.77 g·m^-2,地下生物量变化范围为741.98～1182.20 g·m^-2,地下、地上生物量比值的变化范围为1.4～7.1,均值和中值分别为3.0和1.9。土壤水分在个体和群落水平上都影响到了植物株高、根长以及生物量的分配。基本表现为：个体水平上株高、根长、地上生物量、地下生物量都随土壤含水量的增加而降低;群落水平上地上生物量随土壤含水量的增加而增加,而地下生物量随土壤含水量的增加而降低。该区域草地生物量分配规律在个体和群落水平上都不支持等速生长假说。     

我国海洋休闲渔业发展模式初探 --以舟山蚂蚁岛省级休闲渔业示范基地为例的实证分析

休闲渔业已经成为我国海洋旅游的新亮点和海岛经济发展的新兴产业。本文通过分析舟山蚂蚁岛成功打造省级休闲渔业示范基地的模式，提出海洋休闲渔业的发展应注重挖掘海洋文化和地方特色，与旅游等三产发展相结合，与落实“五个统筹”、建设社会主义现代化新型渔农村以及构建和谐社会相结合，并探讨了我国海洋休闲渔业的发展模式。提出了规划要科学化、统筹化，经营要产业化、集约化，管理要规范化、法制化，发展要可持续化等对策建议。     

Ecological features and ranging patterns at a chimpanzee release site on Rubondo Island, Tanzania

This study examines the behavioral ecology of a chimpanzee population on Rubondo Island in Lake Victoria, Tanzania, over 40 years after chimpanzees were first introduced to the island from captivity. Despite little pre-release habitat assessment, rehabilitation, or post-release monitoring, these chimpanzees are one of the only released populations to survive over decades without provisioning. We surveyed habitat structure and plant composition to gain insights into ecological features that have supported this self-sufficient chimpanzee population for over 40 years. We also examined possible ecological sources of chimpanzee ranging patterns on the island. We surveyed woody plant composition, and quantified densities of species producing large fleshy fruits and confirmed chimpanzee fruit foods across three chimpanzee ranging areas, each separated by several kilometers. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination to compare community-level patterns of plant composition across regions. The densities of trees and lianas producing fleshy fruits were high in comparison with similar measures at endemic chimpanzee study sites. There were major differences in the composition of tree species, including species of chimpanzee fruit foods, across the three regions. In contrast, liana species composition was similar across regions, and was characterized by a few super-abundant species, including one chimpanzee fallback food. The wide-ranging patterns of chimpanzees do not appear to be influenced by localized tree fruiting patterns, but may be facilitated by the wide-spread distribution of an important fallback food. In comparison with other endemic and release sites, the relatively low ecological population density of chimpanzees, the high density of both trees and lianas producing large fleshy fruits and the presence of a high-quality, widely-distributed fallback food are factors that likely contributed to the success of Rubondo chimpanzees in reverting to natural foraging behaviors after their release.     

群体遗传结构的理解

一个植物种群体的空间分布大致可划分为两类 :离散分布与连续分布。然而隐藏在这种表观物理分布内部的遗传变异是十分复杂的。这种变异是如何分布的呢 ?这种分布又是如何维持的呢 ?因此 ,认识一个种的群体遗传结构有助于我们理解该种的进化过程 ,并提供为遗传资源保护做出决策的重要信息。本文对三大经典遗传结构模型 (岛屿模型、步石模型及距离隔离模型 )与渐变群理论及它们的异体和发展进行了详细的分析和评述。目前获得的许多不同类型的遗传标记使这些理论的应用得到不同程度的实现 ,但由于这些理论结论涉及到许多假设 ,在实际应用时应十分慎重。作者认为许多已建立的适合于动物群体遗传结构理论不能简单地直接应用于植物群体上 ,今后一个重要的研究内容就是要建立适合于植物群体的遗传结构理论