2000—2019年京津冀地区水源涵养功能时空格局变化及其驱动因素

[目的] 研究京津冀地区水源涵养功能时空格局变化及其驱动因素,为区域协同发展过程中的生态保护和建设工作提供科学支撑。[方法] 基于研究区基础地理数据和相关参数,利用InVEST模型及水源涵养公式,在ArcGIS平台上采用一元线性回归模型、变异系数和土地利用转移矩阵等空间分析法,分析2000—2019年京津冀地区水源涵养功能时空格局变化特征及主要驱动因素。[结果] ①京津冀地区多年平均产水量为1.87×10¹⁰ m³,产水量空间格局为东高西低。②京津冀地区水源涵养量空间格局呈东北—西南燕山、太行山较高,西北—东南坝上高原、河北平原较低。③水源涵养量年际变化较大,多年平均水源涵养量为7.85×10⁹ m³,2002年最低,2012年最高。像元尺度上,2000—2019年水源涵养功能增强区面积大于减弱区,增强区占研究区67.49%,减弱区占研究区32.51%。20 a间水源涵养功能呈“中低波动为主,少数区域波动强烈”的特征,低波动、相对低波动区占93.96%,中等波动、相对高波动和高波动区占6.04%。④京津冀地区水源涵养功能变化主要驱动因素为降水、潜在蒸散发和土地利用变化,典型区水源涵养深度与降水量呈显著正相关,与潜在蒸散发量呈显著负相关。在土地利用变化方面,退耕还林还草等生态工程使林地、草地面积提高,水源涵养能力相对增强;而工矿等建设用地扩展侵占林草、耕地面积,水源涵养能力相对降低。[结论] 京津冀地区水源涵养功能时空格局变化明显,水源涵养功能主要驱动因素是气象因子与土地利用变化。     

江西省赣州市土壤保持和水源涵养时空特征及保护空缺

[目的] 明晰土壤保持、水源涵养时空格局并标识保护空缺区域,为地区发展规划和生态保护提供科学指导。[方法] 以江西省赣州市为研究区,综合RUSLE模型、InVEST模型等生态评价方法和热点分析、叠加分析等分析工具,结合保护空缺理论,分析2000—2020年土壤保持和水源涵养时空演化特征,对比现有保护区域,标识潜在优先保护区。[结果] ①赣州市土壤保持服务空间分布特征总体表现为四周高中心低,极重要区集中分布在四周的罗霄山脉、九连山脉、武夷山脉和庾山山脉,多年平均土壤保持总量为8.46×10⁸ t。②水源涵养功能空间特征也表现为周高中低,极重要区集中分布在梅江流域、平江流域、贝岭水流域、犹江流域和桃江流域的上游及绵江流域和湘水流域东侧的武夷山脉,多年平均水源涵养深度为213.48 mm。③赣州市土壤保持和水源涵养功能显著的区域在空间上具有较强的关联性,对比现有自然保护地后标识保护空缺面积6 155.54 hm²,保护空缺区有几处较为明显且周边无保护地的集中分布区,分别位于兴国县北部、石城县东北部、瑞金市西北部和东南部、全南县中部、安远县东南部和寻乌县西部。[结论] 气候因素、土地利用变化、地形地貌条件是影响赣州市土壤保持和水源涵养功能时空分异的重要因素,针对保护空缺区域和功能退化区域,应采取生态保护和修复策略。     

生态工程对科尔沁沙地主要生态服务功能的影响

[目的] 研究生态工程实施下科尔沁沙地主要生态服务功能的变化特征,为该区今后生态保护建设提供科学依据。[方法] 运用已有的生态服务评估方法定量评估了2001—2018年科尔沁沙地固碳量、水源涵养及水土保持服务功能的时空变化情况。[结果] ①科尔沁沙地土地利用类型主要以耕地、林地和草地为主,生态工程实施期间,林地、耕地面积分别增加8 448 km²,3 280 km²,草地面积减少12 639 km²; ②科尔沁沙地固碳量稳步增长,林地和耕地的固碳量均增加,草地的固碳量减小,但草地固碳量依然最高; ③科尔沁沙地水源涵养量呈先增加后略微减少的趋势,所有土地类型中林地水源涵养量持续升高; ④科尔沁沙地水土保持量持续上升,约增加1.38×10⁷ t,林地水土保持量增加最显著。受地势的影响,区域水土保持总量呈西高东低的分布特征。[结论] 科尔沁沙地生态工程建设效果良好,创造了显著的生态效益。     

基于InVEST-PLUS模型的郑州市碳储量时空演变及空间自相关分析

[目的] 陆地生态系统碳储量的主要驱动因素之一是土地利用变化,以“过去—现在—未来”的逻辑,分析河南省郑州市土地利用与碳储量时空演变之间响应关系,为实现城市的生态安全可持续发展提供参考。[方法] 首先基于GIS和InVEST模型,对2005—2020年碳储量时空分布进行定量评估,然后结合PLUS模型,模拟2050年自然发展情景和生态保护情景下土地利用和碳储量时空变化特征;并辅以莫兰指数和热点分析在格网尺度下评估其空间关联程度。[结果] ①2005—2020年,耕地不断调整为建设用地,累计转入1 004.98 km²,致使郑州市土地利用结构发生显著变化,生态保护情景下生态用地减少趋势相对自然发展情景得到较好改善。②受城镇化快速扩张的影响,2005,2020年郑州市碳储量分别为6.59×10⁷,5.67×10⁷ t,15 a间高碳密度地类用地转移,碳储量空间分布呈“西高东低,南北中等,中部低”的特点,自然发展情景和生态保护情景下碳储量变化分别减少了8.27×10⁶ t和1.80×10⁶ t,其中耕地发挥着重要碳汇作用。③碳储量空间分布上具有集聚性,冷热点分布不均,生态保护情景下热点破碎化程度缓和。巩义市和登封市始终为碳储量集聚程度较高区域。[结论] 碳储量时空分布特征与土地利用结构变化密切相关,郑州市未来土地利用规划应适当采取生态保护措施,优化土地利用格局,增强生态系统固碳能力。     

2007-2015年东莞市土地利用及其生态系统服务价值的时空演变

[目的] 研究2007-2015年东莞市的土地利用和生态系统服务价值的时空变化情况，以反映土地利用变化产生的生态效应，为区域土地资源可持续利用和生态环境保护决策提供参考。[方法] 运用土地利用及生态系统服务价值相关理论与方法，利用遥感、地理信息技术，分析土地利用与生态系统服务价值的时空变化情况。[结果] ①2007-2015年间，东莞市建设用地占研究区总面积50%以上，且持续增加，增加的面积以耕地、林地的转入为主，水域和林地面积先增加后减少，耕地和草地面积不断缩小。②研究期内，生态系统服务价值整体呈现下降趋势，总价值减少1.97×10⁸元，林地、水域的生态系统服务价值系数较大，价值的损益变化大，2015年，林地和水域价值共减少1.40×10⁸元。③从空间分布看，东莞市的生态系统服务价值以中部地区为中心，向东西延伸，形成了"高-低-高"的空间分布格局，主城区是整个东莞市生态系统服务价值的低值中心。[结论] 研究时段内，东莞市土地利用变化显著，生态系统服务价值整体下降，生态系统服务价值在空间上呈现出异质性，分布不均衡。     

黔中城市群碳储量对土地利用/覆被变化的响应及脆弱性

[目的] 探究土地利用/覆被变化对区域生态系统碳储量及生态系统脆弱性的影响,以期为区域绿色低碳和生态系统的可持续发展提供参考依据。[方法] 以2000,2010,2020年黔中城市群核心经济区3期土地利用/覆被数据为基础,运用InVEST模型和土地利用转移矩阵定量分析生态系统碳储量及其空间分布格局,并采用潜在影响指数(PI)对区域生态系统服务脆弱性进行评估。[结果] ①2000-2020年,黔中城市群核心经济区土地利用/覆被变化总体表现为耕地和林地持续下降,建设用地持续上升。研究区土地利用/覆被转移主要表现为耕地、林地、草地向其他地类的转移,其中,2000-2010,2010-2020年分别有3 339.35,3 669.15 km²土地发生了转移,前者林地转为草地是主要转移类型,后者耕地转为建设用地为主要转移类型。②2000-2020年区域的碳储量表现为减少趋势,由4.42×10⁷ t减小到4.33×10⁷ t,累计减小9.40×10⁵ t,林地转为草地是引起碳储量减少的主要原因。各年度碳储量密度均呈现西部、东部高,中部低的分布态势;20 a间,高密度区未发生明显变化,低密度区表现为由中心区域向外围扩散。③2000-2020年黔中城市群核心经济区主要扮演碳源的角色,土地利用程度指数增加了2.83,PI指数分别为-0.04,-0.31,均表现为负面潜在影响,且脆弱性不断增强。[结论] 增加林地、控制林地转为其他用地及建设用地扩张是促进区域绿色低碳和生态系统的稳定可持续发展的重要手段。     

基于“三生”空间的重庆市土地利用演变与城镇化关系研究

[目的] 分析重庆市土地利用时空演变规律,探究土地利用转型及景观格局响应的演变特征与城镇化的关系,为重庆市"三生"土地规划与城镇化可持续发展提供数据支持。[方法] 基于"三生空间"功能分类的视角构建用地分类标准,利用2000,2010,2020年土地遥感影像和夜间灯光数据,采用转移矩阵、相关性分析及回归分析法进行分析。[结果] ①2000-2020年重庆市生产、生态空间总体减少,生活空间持续扩张。2000-2010年,生产、生态空间减少191.87,252.95 km²,生活空间增大446.03 km²;2010-2020年,生产空间面积减少13.76 km²,生态空间减少324.05 km²,生活空间增大314.87 km²。②重庆市生产功能向生活功能转化较为明显。随着城镇化加强,生态空间转向生产空间显著,功能转变明显聚集于重庆市中心区域。③重庆市空间景观破碎度减小,景观复杂度逐渐提高,林草水生态空间占据主导优势。④2000-2010,2010-2020年土地利用面积变化对夜间灯光值的影响存在差异;2000年,城镇生活空间、农村生活空间变化对夜间灯光变化影响起主导作用,而2020年工业生产空间、城镇生活空间变化对夜间灯光变化影响较强。[结论] 重庆市各类空间发生相互转换,利用不同"三生"空间类型变化和城镇化的关系,推动土地规划与城镇化协调发展。     

湖南省多尺度生态系统服务供需关系及影响因素

[目的]分析生态系统服务供需分布格局及主要驱动因素,为区域生态保护实践、生态环境改善提供科学参考。[方法]借助InVEST模型、ArcGIS等工具,评估湖南省2000—2020年粮食生产、碳固持、水源涵养、土壤保持以及生境质量共5项生态系统服务供需量,分析其时空演变规律和空间匹配关系,在网格尺度和县域尺度运用最优参数地理探测器模型探究影响生态系统服务供需比的驱动因子。[结果](1)湖南省生态系统服务供给总量均大于需求总量,碳固持服务和生境质量服务供给量以及水源涵养服务需求量下降,其他生态系统服务供需量均上升。(2)湖南省各项生态系统服务供需分布、供需比集聚特征以及供需空间匹配空间异质性明显。(3)两种尺度生态系统服务供需比主导因子有一定差异,社会经济因子在县域尺度上的影响较网格尺度更为显著;土地利用因子与其他因子的交互作用对生态系统服务供需比空间分异解释力较高。[结论]不同尺度生态系统服务供需矛盾突出,未来各级政府应制定更加精确的生态管理措施,并以此为基础促进区域土地合理利用,最终达到区域绿色发展的目标。     

宁夏土地利用碳排放强度时空变化与效应

[目的] 土地利用变化是影响碳排放和环境质量的重要驱动力之一。研究土地利用碳排放时空格局变化与效应,为制定低碳发展策略提供理论依据。[方法] 基于灰色理论和生态承载系数,利用1980—2020年宁夏回族自治区22个县区土地利用和能源消耗数据,分析了土地利用变化与碳排放强度变化及效应。[结果] ①碳排放变化量与土地利用变化之间具有密切的关联性。其中,建设用地与碳排放的关联度最大,为0.95。②1980—2020年宁夏土地利用类型碳排放量净增加了5.24×10⁷ t,增幅625.43%。建设用地面积以年均4.42%的速率增长,碳排放量增幅达2 385.85%;草地面积减少了2.95×10⁵ hm²,碳汇量减少了5.80×10⁴ t;林地对碳汇的贡献超过75%,且随林地面积的不断增大而增加。③1980—2020年宁夏土地利用碳排放强度以年均0.25 t/hm²的速率增大,中度及以上等级覆盖面积逐渐增大,在空间上形成沿黄城市碳排放强度高于中、南部的分布格局。④宁夏各县区碳排放生态承载系数空间差异明显,碳生态容量表现出北弱南强的分布格局。[结论] 1980—2020年宁夏土地利用碳排放强度逐渐增大,北部沿黄河各县区碳生态容量逐渐减小,中南部县区碳生态容量增大,但减排压力较大。建议优化建设用地空间格局,增加混交林面积,增强森林碳汇能力。     

基于In-VEST模型的汉江上游森林生态系统水源涵养服务功能研究

生态系统服务功能及变化是生态系统评估的核心,是生态学、环境经济学等领域的研究热点。汉江上游秦巴山地是中国重要的水源涵养和供给功能区。近年来,受自然与人为双重驱动因子影响,森林生态系统出现退化现象,水源涵养及供给能力受到一定影响。以汉江上游流域森林景观为研究对象,运用In-VEST模型水源涵养模块对其水源涵养功能进行动态变化分析。结果表明,汉江上游森林生态系统水源涵养总量为1.21×10¹⁴ m³,最大涵养水源深度为362.51 mm,平均水源涵养深度为80.69 mm。在各森林景观中,常绿阔叶林水源函养量最大,乔木园地最小。在空间上,南北秦巴山地地区水源涵养量较大,水源涵养服务功能明显。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.