Effect of non‐starch polysaccharide composition and enzyme supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The experiment investigated whether the effect of enzyme supplementation on performance and nutrient digestibility is dependent on type of the ingredient(s) used, by incorporating wheat bran (WB), sunflower meal (SFM) and citrus pulp (CP) to a reference diet (REF). Those ingredients are known to be rich in different types of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP). Diets were supplemented with and without (control) an enzyme mix (phytase 1,000 FTU/kg and xylanase U/kg) according to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. In total, 24 tanks (3 replicates/treatment) were used with 30 fish each (Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus; mean initial body weight 41 g). Fish were restrictively fed the experimental diets for 43 days (80% of expected satiation). Enzyme supplementation affected the absolute growth (g/day) and FCR (p < 0.05), improving the growth of fish fed the WB and SFM diets, while fish fed the REF and CP diets did not benefit. NSP, energy, ash, phosphorous and calcium digestibility improved with enzyme supplementation (p < 0.05). There was an interaction effect on all growth parameters, as well as the digestibility of energy and phosphorus (p < 0.05). This indicates that the effectiveness of the enzymes was dependent on the NSP‐rich ingredient used and thus the composition of the NSP fraction.     

山区旱作条件下不同燕麦品种品质分析及评价

[目的]分析21个燕麦品种农艺性状和营养品质指标,为新疆塔城巴尔鲁克山区旱作条件筛选出最佳饲用燕麦品种提供参考.[方法]采用随机区组设计,播种量为240 kg/hm2,施氮量为80 kg/hm2,重复3次,共计63个小区.采用隶属函数结合农艺性状和营养品质的6项主要指标进行综合评价.[结果]品种贝勒二代(25.28 t...     

麦麸纤维素与腐植酸复合保水剂的制备及性能

[目的]研究利用麦麸提取的纤维素与腐植酸共聚制备复合保水剂的方法及其性能,以解决现有保水剂生物难降解,成本高,污染大,再生性能差等问题。[方法]采用碱法从麦麸中提取纤维素,首次与腐植酸、丙烯酸水溶液聚合制备了复合保水剂。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TG)分别对树脂的表面形貌、热稳定性进行了表征,考查了NaOH、引发剂、交联剂、麦麸、腐植酸用量对复合保水剂吸水率的影响,并对温度、不同交联剂、再生性能进行了探讨。[结果]麦麸质量0.15g,丙烯酸20ml,交联剂(N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺)的质量是丙烯酸质量的0.03%,引发剂的质量是丙烯酸质量的0.8%,腐植酸0.1g,NaOH浓度80%,温度80℃时,吸水倍率最高,蒸馏水达到了989g/g,对地下水的吸水倍率达到了120.34g/g。对盐水的吸水倍率达到了62.76g/g。[结论]实验方法制备的保水剂再生性能、热稳定性良好,较文献报道的保水剂吸水效果优异,可以在实际生产和生活中推广应用。     

麦麸超微粉碎对面团流变学特性与网络结构的影响

为阐明麦麸粒度影响全麦产品品质的内在机理,将不同粒度的麦麸（粗麦麸、细麦麸和超微麦麸）以20%的添加量添加于低筋和中筋面粉中。利用Mixolab测定面团的流变学特性,采用低场核磁（LF-NMR）分析面团中水分的存在状态,运用傅里叶红外（FT-IR）分析面筋蛋白二级结构和扫描电镜（SEM）观察面团面筋网络微观结构。结果表明,与粗麦麸和细麦麸相比,添加超微麦麸后,面团的吸水率、峰值黏度和淀粉热凝胶稳定性显著增加,面团形成时间减少;随着麦麸粒径的减小,面团T₂弛豫时间显著缩短,自由水含量逐渐降低;减小麦麸粒径,蛋白质二级结构中α-螺旋和β-折叠含量上升,β-转角和无规则卷曲含量下降;面团微观结构观察显示,随着麦麸粒径的减小,面筋网络的连续性和致密性得到改善。     

Replacement of de‐oiled rice bran by soaked and fermented sweet potato leaf meal: Effect on growth performance,body composition and expression of insulin‐like growth factor 1 in Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fingerlings

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to determine the growth performance and expression of insulin‐like growth factor 1 gene (IGF‐I gene) in Labeo rohita fingerlings fed with either raw, soaked or fermented sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) by completely replacing de‐oiled rice bran (DORB), following a completely randomized design. Seven isonitrogenous (30%) and isocaloric (1.8 MJ/100 g) diets were prepared by replacing DORB with 50% and 100% raw, soaked and fermented sweet potato leaf meal, maintaining DORB‐containing diets as a control. Weight gain %, SGR (specific growth rate) and PER (protein efficiency ratio) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher when 100% DORB was replaced by fermented SPLM in comparison to other treatment groups. The fermented and soaked SPLM‐fed groups had registered with lower FCR value. The expression of growth regulating gene IGF‐I mRNA and RNA/DNA ratio was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in soaked and fermented SPLM‐fed groups. In this study, the body protein and lipid composition did not vary significantly (p > 0.05). Hence, the study concludes that the fermented sweet potato leaf meal using Chaetomium globosum can replace 100% DORB in the diet of Labeo rohita without any detrimental effect on growth performance.     

燕麦幼苗对干旱-低温交叉适应的生理响应及其综合评价

为探讨干旱能否诱导燕麦对低温的交叉适应性,采用20%聚乙二醇6000(PEG)模拟干旱预处理定莜6号幼苗3 d,以未经PEG预处理的幼苗作对照,恢复2 d后进行低温(昼/夜温度8℃/5℃)处理,分别在低温处理的0、1、3、5、7天采取幼苗叶片,测定超氧阴离子(O_2~-)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白质(SP)、游离氨基酸(AA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量及相对含水量(RWC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性等14项生理指标及处理7d后植株株高增量和生物量增量,采用主成分分析和隶属函数综合评价燕麦幼苗对干旱-低温的交叉适应能力。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱预处理显著提高了低温胁迫下燕麦幼苗株高增量和生物量增量,O_2~-和H_2O_2等14项生理指标值也发生了不同程度改变。对14项生理指标值离差标准化后进行相关性分析表明,不同变量间存在显著相关性。进行主成分分析提取了5个主成分因子,其方差贡献率依次为38.881%、18.219%、11.238%、9.616%和8.809%,累积方差贡献率达86.763%。第1主成分因子对SS、AA、Pro、O_2~-、H_2O_2、RWC、SOD和APX有较大载荷;第2主成分因子对POD、MDA和GSH有较大载荷;第3主成分因子主要包括CAT和GSH;第4主成分因子主要包括SP和Pro;第5主成分因子主要包括APX和ASA。隶属函数分析5个主成分因子得分值显示,除第1天外,干旱预处理在整个低温处理期间的综合评价值显著高于对照。研究表明干旱能够诱导燕麦对低温的交叉适应性。     

You cannot fight fire with fire: a demographic model suggests alternative approaches to manage multiple herbicide‐resistant Avena fatua

Multiple herbicide‐resistant (MHR ) weed populations pose significant agronomic and economic threats and demand the development and implementation of ecologically based tactics for sustainable management. We investigated the influence of nitrogen fertiliser rate (56, 112, 168, or 224 kg N ha^?1) and spring wheat seeding density (67.3 kg ha^?1 or 101 kg ha^?1) on the demography of one herbicide susceptible and two MHR Avena fatua populations under two cropping systems (continuous cropping and crop‐fallow rotation). To represent a wide range of environmental conditions, data were obtained in field conditions over 3 years (2013–2015). A stochastic density‐dependent population dynamics model was constructed using the demographic data to project A. fatua populations. Elasticity analysis was used to identify demographic processes with negative impacts on population growth. In both cropping systems, MHR seedbank densities were negatively impacted by increasing nitrogen fertilisation rate and wheat density. Overall, MHR seedbank densities were larger in the wheat‐ fallow compared with the continuous wheat cropping system and seedbank densities stabilised near zero in the high nitrogen and high spring wheat seeding rate treatment. In both cropping systems, density‐dependent seed production was the most influential parameter impacting population growth rate. This study demonstrated that while the short‐term impact of weed management tactics can be investigated by field experiments, evaluation of long‐term consequences requires the use of population dynamics models. Demographic models, such as the one constructed here, will aid in selecting ecologically based weed management tactics, such as appropriate resource availability and modification to crop competitive ability to reduce the impact of MHR .     

优质加工型裸燕麦新品种坝莜8号选育及推广应用

坝莜8号是以皮、裸燕麦种间杂交育成的裸燕麦高代品系品2号为母本,以8711-40-3为父本,采用裸燕麦品种间有性杂交和系谱法选育培育而成的裸燕麦新品种,其高度聚合了皮、裸燕麦高产、高β-葡聚糖、低脂肪、低皮燕麦率的优良性状。加工出的面粉口感好,在乌盟作为注册品牌燕麦粉大量销售。该品种于2013年10月通过了河北省科学技术厅组织的成果鉴定(20132743),现已大面积应用于生产。     

水培燕麦根系形态和氮吸收流量对硝态氮供应浓度的响应

【目的】苗期根系的形态结构与作物的养分吸收和抗倒伏性密切相关,对燕麦如何合理施肥以达到最大的增产效果,需要对不同燕麦品种的氮吸收利用效率做出评价。【方法】本研究以3个不同燕麦栽培品种(坝莜9号、 坝莜3号和200215)为材料,分析了低、 中、 高NO-3-N浓度下(NO-3浓度为1、3、6 mmol/L)根系生长以及NO-3吸收流量的变化。将燕麦种子萌发至一片真叶展开时,每个品种挑选长势一致的10株幼苗放入含不同NO-3浓度的Hoaglands培养液中培养,培养3周后选取长势基本一致的幼苗,采用非损伤微测技术测定根系NO-3流量并利用根系图像分析系统WinRhizo分析根系形态指标。【结果】NO-3-N浓度对不同燕麦品种节根数影响不显著,对侧根密度、 总根长、 根系平均直径和不同直径范围内根系长度分布均有显著影响; NO-3-N浓度的变化对坝莜3号根系吸氮量有显著影响,对坝莜9号和200215根系吸氮量的影响不显著; 根系NO-3吸收流量的动态变化与侧根数量变化有一致性; NO-3平均吸收流量与总根长、 平均直径及根系平均直径≤0.16 mm的细根在根系中所占比例的变化一致。【结论】不同NO-3-N供应浓度主要影响燕麦苗期侧根(直径≤0.16 mm的细根)的形成和生长,对根系NO-3吸收流量的影响因品种而异; 根系NO-3吸收流量的变化主要受总根长、 根系平均直径及细根在根系中所占比例的影响。     

叶面喷施硒肥对裸燕麦产量和品质的影响

为了解裸燕麦叶面喷硒效应,以优质高产裸燕麦品种坝莜1号为材料,在三叶期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期前10d叶面喷施不同量硒肥,形成6个处理,分析了叶面喷施硒肥对裸燕麦坝莜1号经济性状、产量、籽实品质及硒含量的影响。结果表明,喷施硒肥对于裸燕麦的经济性状、籽粒产量、生物产量、粗脂肪含量、淀粉含量均没有显著影响(P0.05),而对籽粒粗蛋白质含量和全硒含量有显著的增加作用,其中在三叶期和拔节期喷施1号硒肥1 500g·hm-2、抽穗期和成熟期前10d喷施2号硒肥6 000g·hm-2条件下,籽粒粗蛋白含量最高,达到18.9%,但硒肥喷施量对籽粒粗蛋白含量的影响缺乏规律性。随着硒肥喷施量的增加,裸燕麦籽粒硒含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。在最大喷施量即三叶期和拔节期喷施1号硒肥2 100g·hm-2、抽穗期和成熟期前10d左右喷施2号硒肥8 400g·hm-2条件下,籽粒硒含量最高,达到83.5μg·kg-1。