细根分解研究概况

植物主要依赖于细根获取水分和养分,分配到地下部分细根的生物量占总生物量的比例很高且周转迅速,因此在某些森林生态系统中,细根周转对土壤有机质的贡献大于地上部分凋落物,细根分解是陆地生态系统C和养分的重要输入途径.但是,当前国内对细根分解的研究不够重视,在这方面的研究有待于加强.     

喹诺酮类(吡哌酸、诺氟沙星)药物的热分解特性研究

分别采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重法(TG)和微分热重法(DTG),研究了喹诺酮类(吡哌酸、诺氟沙星)抗菌药的热分解动力学过程,计算了其热分解动力学参数——活化能(E),分析了其热分解机理,并剖析了喹诺酮类药物有机结构上的差异。     

我国豆油期货与现货价格动态关系研究:基于日数据的实证分析

利用单位根检验、VAR模型、协整检验、误差修正模型、脉冲响应函数分析和方差分解的一体化方法对我国豆油期货与现货价格的动态关系进行研究。通过对豆油期货价格与现货价格之间的动态变化关系进行的实证分析发现,期货与现货价格之间存在长期均衡关系,期货市场在价格发现功能中起到主导作用,因为期货市场的价格发现功能大于现货市场。在脉冲响应函数分析中发现,除了期货与现货价格对其自身的一个标准差新息立刻有较强反应外,期货价格新息对现货价格的影响更大。     

中国环境载荷与环境减压分析

基于社会代谢的物质流核算和相关指标,构建了表征国家环境压力总量的本国环境载荷指标,并与经济总量结合得出环境效率指标,建立了指标的计算模型;对本国环境载荷进行了经济增长的反弹效应和效率提高的减量效应分解.对中国1990～2002年的本国环境载荷、环境效率和反弹与减量效应进行了实证研究.结果表明:我国经济的环境效率在研究期总体上以较高的速度增长,年均增长率为5.6%,表明本国环境压力实现了一定程度的相对减量;但这一时期经济增长的反弹效应比效率提高的减量效应大许多,导致环境载荷总量的较大幅度增加(年均增长率为3     

秦岭太白山北坡五种林分凋落叶分解状况初步研究

对秦岭太白山北坡锐齿栎、牛皮桦、太白红杉、大叶杜鹃和巴山冷杉5种林分凋落叶的分解状况进行了研究。结果表明,受生物学特性、温度、湿度等因素的影响,不同林分凋落叶叶失重率不同,上述林分分别为38.20%,32.12%,16.23%,20.76%和17.87%～18.29%;其分解速率大小次序为锐齿栎>牛皮桦>大叶杜鹃>巴山冷杉>太白红杉。所测定的3种主要化学成分中,单宁分解最快,分布于海拔3000m的巴山冷杉和1430m的锐齿栎凋落叶中,单宁残留量只有34.39%和32.05%;粗脂肪分解速率次之,阔叶树种较针叶树种分解快,在凋落叶中的残留量为91.86%～99.14%;粗纤维分解最慢,与粗脂肪表现出相似的规律。林分凋落叶分解过程中能态的变化与分解速率高低基本保持一致,总体趋势为阔叶树种减低幅度较大,5种凋落叶能量降低率为12.54%～19.84%。     

红松阔叶林内凋落物表层与底层红松枝叶的分解动态

该文研究了原始红松阔叶林当年形成的凋落物层中表层和底层红松枝叶分解速率和C、N、P、K等养分元素的释放方式.结果表明, 凋落物底层的微环境可以加速凋落物的分解和养分元素的释放.枝的失重率和养分元素释放率要显著低于叶. 随着分解试验时间延长, 分解速率(k值)逐渐降低, 在所有分解阶段内表层枝叶的分解速率均小于底层枝叶.红松枝叶失重率与木质素、纤维素、C/N 和木质素/N有关, 同一时间段内影响凋落物表层和底层枝叶失重率的化学成分有所区别. 但在分解后期失重率主要与木质素浓度相关.表层枝叶N和P的净固化率高于底层枝叶而净矿化率则低于底层枝叶.K在红松枝叶的分解过程中一直进行矿化作用, 并且表层枝叶K元素的剩余百分率大于底层枝叶, 枝中K元素剩余百分率大于叶.结果说明在红松阔叶林凋落物分解研究中如果忽视凋落物层微环境效应将会低估红松针叶分解速率和N、P、K的释放率.      

Plant species traits regulate methane production in freshwater wetland soils

Ecosystem and biogeochemical responses to anthropogenic stressors are the result of complex interactions between plants and microbes. A mechanistic understanding of how plant traits influence microbial processes is needed in order to predict the ecosystem-level effects of natural or anthropogenic change. This is particularly true in wetland ecosystems, where plants alter the availability of both electron donors (e.g., organic carbon) and electron acceptors (e.g., oxygen and ferric iron), thereby regulating the total amount of anaerobic respiration and the production of methane, a highly potent greenhouse gas. In this study, we examined how plant traits associated with plant inputs of carbon (photosynthesis and biomass) and oxygen (root porosity and ferric iron on roots) to mineral soils relate to microbial competition for organic carbon and, ultimately, methane production. Plant productivity was positively correlated with microbial respiration and negatively correlated to methane production. Root porosity was relatively constant across plant species, but belowground biomass, total biomass, and the concentration of oxidized (ferric) iron on roots varied significantly between species. As a result the size of the total root oxidized iron pool varied considerably across plant species, scaling with plant productivity. Large pools of oxidized iron were related to high CO₂:CH₄ ratios during microbial respiration, indicating that as plant productivity and biomass increased, microbes used non-methanogenic respiration pathways, most likely including the reduction of iron oxides. Taken together these results suggest that increased oxygen input from plants with greater biomass can offset any potential stimulation of methanogenic microbes from additional carbon inputs. Because the species composition of plant communities influences both electron donor and acceptor availability in wetland soils, changes in plant species as a consequence of anthropogenic disturbance have the potential to trigger profound effects on microbial processes, including changes in anaerobic decomposition rates and the proportion of mineralized carbon emitted as the greenhouse gas methane.     

乙烯分解纳米光催化反应器关键性能参数研究

果品与蔬菜在采后贮藏过程中所产生和释放的乙烯是加速成熟、衰老和腐烂的重要环境因子。该研究采用纳米光催化技术开发设计了一种可以去除气调库中乙烯的玻璃管光催化反应器，并对其主要性能参数进行了模拟测试与分析。结果表明：气体流量、玻璃管直径与长度以及光源种类均是影响光催化反应器乙烯分解性能的主要因素。在该试验条件下，气体流量在40～80 L/h的范围内较佳；玻璃管的适宜内径为50 mm；在相同功率条件下黑光灯的光催化效果优于紫光灯。光催化反应器可以多级串联使用，以便提高系统的乙烯分解能力。这些研究结果为气调库用光催化乙烯分解装置设计提供了基础设计参数和指标。     

Biochemical composition and kinetics of C and N mineralization of animal wastes: a typological approach

Forty-seven different animal wastes were characterized using chemical and organic matter fractionation methods (water extraction and Van Soest method) and 224-day incubation studies to assess their decomposition in soil. Simple correlation and multiple factor analysis were performed to establish relationships between the composition of these wastes and C and N mineralization. Carbon and N contents ranged from 101 to 469 mg C kg⁻¹ dry matter (d.m.) and from 4 to 39 mg N kg⁻¹ d.m. Soluble C and N represented less than 9% of organic C and 1.5% of total N at 20°C, respectively. The C fractions soluble at 100°C or in neutral detergent were larger and represented 14 and 32% of the organic C, respectively. The hemicellulose-like (HEM) and cellulose-like (CEL) fractions contained about 16.5 and 6% of the organic N, respectively. The C distribution in the lignin-like (LIG) and CEL fractions was comparable, but the former contained more N. Carbon mineralization varied from 5 to 62% of the organic C added during the 224-day incubation; 70% of the wastes induced net N mineralization at the end of incubation (from 3 to 51% of organic N). Other wastes induced net soil inorganic N immobilization, from −1 to −31% of the organic N added. Most highly significant correlations were established between the C mineralization and the C present in the water-soluble fraction at 20°C, and the HEM and LIG fractions. Relationships between N mineralization and biochemical characteristics were weak, except with the soluble Van Soest fraction, and highly significant correlations were observed between N mineralization rates calculated at 224 days of incubation and the organic N content or C/N ratio of wastes. Finally, an objective hierarchical classification based on composition criteria and C and N mineralization led to the definition of six different classes of wastes. It permitted differentiation between four composted wastes and intrinsically different wastes (i.e., cattle manures, pig manures, and poultry manures) which could not be objectively regrouped. It also placed some very different types of waste (solid phase from pig slurry separation, pig manures, and composted pig mixtures) in the same class.     

Correlation between earthworms and plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico

Earthworms are recognized to play an important role in the decomposition of organic materials. To test the use of earthworms as an indicator of plant litter decomposition, we examined the abundance and biomass of earthworms in relation to plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico. We collected earthworms at 0–0.1 m and 0.1–0.25 m soil depths from upland and riparian sites that represent the natural variation in soils and decomposition rates within the forest. Earthworms were hand-sorted and weighed for both fresh and dry biomass. Earthworms were dominated by the exotic endogeic species Pontoscolex corethrurus Müller; they were more abundant, and had higher biomasses in the upland than in riparian sites of the forest. Plant leaf litter decomposed faster in the upland than riparian sites. We found that earthworm abundance in the upper 0.1 m of the soil profile positively correlated with decomposition rate of plant leaf litter. Ground litter removal had no effect on the abundance or biomass of endogeic earthworms. Our data suggest that earthworms can be used to predict decomposition rates of plant litter in the tropical wet forest, and that the decomposition of aboveground plant litter has little influence on the abundance and biomass of endogeic earthworms.