晋南地区黄瓜、黑籽南瓜死秧的病原菌鉴定及品种抗性研究

经分离、培养对不同菌种培养性状的观察,确定了侵染黄瓜、黑籽南瓜造成死秧的镰刀菌主要为尖镰孢菌黄瓜专化型、尖镰孢菌西瓜专化型、串珠镰刀菌和腐皮镰孢菌4种。经致病性测定,4种镰刀菌均能侵染黄瓜,引起发病造成死秧,可分为强致病类型和中强致病类型。经抗病性鉴定,黑籽南瓜种子只有南瓜4号为耐病品种;黄瓜种子也只有津优31号为耐病品种。     

甲壳素等生物制剂对仙客来枯萎病的防治效果及生长促进作用研究

对比试验结果表明,甲壳素单独使用、甲壳素与放线菌混合使用、甲壳素与放线菌和枯草杆菌混合使用灌根,对仙客来枯萎病均具有明显的防治效果,仙客来成活率显著提高,其防效与常用化学农药相当。同时对仙客来的生长发育均有促进作用。处理后根的数量、根系的鲜重和干重均有显著增加,并使叶片数增多,冠径增大。此外,单独使用甲壳素还使土壤中放线菌数量明显增加。     

枯草芽孢杆菌抗菌物质对镰刀菌抑制机理的镜下研究

 将枯草芽孢杆菌B-903菌株液体培养72h后,将培养滤液高温灭菌,以不同比例将培养滤液加入镰刀菌孢子悬浮液中,置于扫描电镜和光学显微镜下定时观察。在处理12h后,镰刀菌孢子芽管顶端、菌丝末端及菌丝中央的多处细胞均可发生畸形的球状结构,这种畸变结构随处理时间延长而增加,致使菌丝变成捻珠状。处理36h后,畸变球形细胞及菌丝纷纷断裂离解,细胞内含物渗出,致使大部分细胞成为空泡。到处理48h后,镜下几乎无完整菌丝,均成单个的球状细胞空泡,这些空泡最终胞壁崩裂,不复存在。笔者认为正是枯草芽孢杆菌在生活过程中分泌到体外的抗高温代谢物对镰刀菌孢子和菌丝细胞的这种畸变作用造成拖子和菌丝失活,侵染能力丧失。     

Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to identify races 1, 2, 4 and 8 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi in Italy

The RAPD fingerprinting procedure was used in combination with pathogenicity assays on differential cultivars to characterize a representative collection of 72 Fusarium spp. isolates of different geographic origin collected from diseased carnation. In F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, isolates were grouped according to the physiologic race: group 1 included isolates of race 4; group 2 was formed by isolates of race 2 and single representatives of races 5 and 6; group 3 included isolates of races 1 and 8. No correlation was found between RAPD data and geographic origin of the isolates tested: representatives of race 2 isolated in Italy, Israel and Japan had the same amplification profile. Three isolates which showed a low level of pathogenicity on all carnation cultivars tested shared an identical amplification pattern and are probably saprophytic F. oxysporum. Finally, two F. redolens isolates from Japan and seven non-pathogenic isolates of F. proliferatum collected from diseased carnation in Italy, Israel and The Netherlands were clearly distinguishable according to their RAPD fingerprint. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies on the genetic diversity of F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi and to the development of forma specialis- and pathotype-specific diagnostic tools.     

Two in vitro assays to evaluate resistance in Linum usitatissimum to Fusarium wilt disease

Two types of in vitro seedling tests were developed to evaluate resistance in flax (Linum usitatissimum) against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini. In the first test a solid medium was used. The second test was based on a liquid medium. Disease severity was assessed after three weeks, using the observed reduction of plant length as a scale. Both methods proved to be useful for screening for resistance, for evaluating race specificity of resistance and for studying symptomatology. The solid medium method proved to be the more accurate for the screening, but the liquid medium method was much less time- and labour-consuming. The results of the tests were significantly correlated with observations under field conditions.     

小麦条锈菌吸器分离方法研究

[目的]从小麦条锈菌侵染的叶片中分离纯度较高且结构较完整的吸器.[方法]根据锈菌吸器表面含有可以与伴刀豆球蛋白凝集素(Concanavalin A)结合的糖类物质的特性,参照蚕豆锈菌吸器的分离方法对小麦条锈菌吸器进行了分离.[结果]从被条锈菌侵染小麦叶片中成功分离出条锈菌吸器,提取吸器的纯度为83.3％,提取率为5.0×105个/g小麦叶片鲜重.[结论]根据蚕豆锈菌吸器的分离方法,稍作改进,成功分离得到小麦条锈茵吸器,为小麦条锈菌功能基因组学及其致病机制的研究奠定了基础.     

高温胁迫对禾谷镰孢生长和致病力的影响

为探究高温胁迫对禾谷镰孢生长和致病力的影响, 本研究测定了禾谷镰孢5株耐高温菌株和4株温度敏感型菌株在25℃和30℃下的菌丝生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率以及不同胁迫压力下的生长速率、致病力和DON毒素含量等。结果表明, 不论耐高温菌株还是温度敏感型菌株, 30℃高温对其菌丝生长均有抑制作用, 但对产孢量和孢子萌发有促进作用;30℃高温能减轻NaCl和CaCl2胁迫对禾谷镰孢生长的抑制, 但是不影响KCl、刚果红, SDS和H2O2对病原菌的抑制作用;在30℃下, 大部分耐高温菌株的致病力不变或降低, 而大部分温度敏感型菌株的致病力反而增加, 30℃对大部分菌株的DON毒素产量有一定促进作用。研究结果可为研究气候变化下小麦赤霉病的流行和预测提供理论基础。     

浙江安吉刚竹属2个新变型

2006年6月12日，由国家林业局科技司主持在南京组织有关专家对由南京林业大学主持完成的“袋泡竹炭净化和营养保健剂”成果进行了鉴定。该项研究了竹炭的制备工艺，以及竹炭表面的物理化学性质对有害物质的去除、矿物质和微量元素释放的影响。研制了由竹炭、活性炭和麦饭石优化复合的新型袋泡竹炭净化和营养保健剂。     

一株燕麦根腐病生防菌的鉴定及其防治效果

燕麦镰刀菌(Fusarium avenaceum)是引起燕麦(Avena sativa)根腐病的主要病原菌之一,为开发高效防治燕麦根腐病的绿色生物菌剂,本研究从健康燕麦根际土壤中分离筛选出一株燕麦镰孢菌高效拮抗细菌YF,并开展了形态学和分子鉴定,研究了该菌的抑菌谱及对燕麦镰孢菌的室内防治试验和作用机理。结果表明,该菌被鉴定为多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)。活性测定发现该菌对燕麦镰刀菌的菌丝生长抑制率达到70.69%,对孢子萌发抑制率为85.92%。通过抑菌谱筛选发现该菌对常见的8种病原真菌均有较好的防治作用。利用该菌发酵液处理后燕麦镰孢菌菌丝出现异常分枝、囊泡状畸形且伴有细胞壁破裂。盆栽试验表明,该菌对燕麦根腐病的防治效果达到81.45%,其防效显著高于化学农药多菌灵(61.87%) (P < 0.05),且该菌对燕麦表现出较好的促生长作用。因此,该菌株多粘类芽孢杆菌具备了开发燕麦根腐病生物防治菌剂的潜力。     

蒙古黄芪根腐病病原鉴定及防治药剂室内筛选

为鉴定青海省民和地区蒙古黄芪(Astragalus membranaceusvar.mongholicus)根腐病病原菌及筛选防治该病害的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、rDNA-ITS,TEF-1α和RPB2序列分析对蒙古黄芪根腐病病原进行鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定8种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑制作用。结果发现,引起黄芪根腐病的病原菌为腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium soani)、逗号镰刀菌(F.virguliforme)、木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)和锐顶镰刀菌(F.acuminatum)。室内药剂试验表明硅唑·咪鲜胺对4种镰刀菌的抑制作用最好,EC₅₀在0.195~0.588 mg·L^-1之间;多菌灵对腐皮镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌和锐顶镰刀菌的抑制作用较强,EC₅₀在0.113~0.869 mg·L^-1之间;咯菌腈对逗号镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌和锐顶镰刀菌的抑制作用较强,EC₅₀在0.153~0.390 mg·L^-1之间;甲基硫菌灵、噁霉灵、溴菌腈和石硫合剂对4种镰刀菌的抑制作用较差,EC₅₀在1.018~4.360 mg·L^-1之间。试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治黄芪根腐病提供了科学依据。