新疆甜菜丸粒化单粒种高密高产高糖栽培模式

在新疆适宜种植甜菜的生态区,通过选择甜菜丸粒化单粒种,在高密度种植条件下,依据不同栽培管理阶段特点采用合理的管理措施,以实现甜菜单产97.5～105.0t/hm2、含糖率15%以上的目标,从而构建甜菜丸粒化单粒种高密高产高糖栽培模式。     

田间烤烟叶片缺钾症状与钾积累及土壤供钾水平关系

基于田间正常施肥烟株生长中期中、上部叶通常出现缺钾症状的现象,以烤烟品种K326为材料在砂质壤土上进行了田间试验,定期观察无钾(即K0,仅按常规施用氮磷肥,K_2O用量为0 kg·hm~(–2))、常规施肥但中后期出现缺钾症状(即CF,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期仍有缺钾症状)、常规施肥且正常生长(即CK,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期无缺钾症状)3处理烟株移栽后生长情况(特别是叶片缺钾症状的出现情况),并及时采集和测定了相应烟株的干物质、钾含量及根区土壤速效钾含量,以阐明正常施肥烤烟中、上部叶出现缺钾症状的可能原因。结果表明:(1)CF和K0烟株在移栽后33 d前叶片均未出现缺钾症状;但根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后42 d低于99.86 mg·kg~(–1)时,K0烟株第8～第15叶陆续表现缺钾;CF烟株根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后57 d低于131.1mg·kg~(–1)时,第12～第16叶也相继缺钾,而其他叶位叶片正常。(2)从移栽至42 d,CK和K0烟株干物质和钾素累积量虽皆明显增加,但K0烟株总量偏低趋势愈发显著;至移栽后57 d期间,CK和K0烟株前述两个指标继续增加,但此期CF干物质累积有相似的增加趋势,而钾素累积与出现缺钾症状前相比(即移栽后42 d时CK)则略有减少;(3)移栽后42 d至57 d,CF烟株上、中部叶和K0烟株上部叶钾净输出明显,而茎中净输入显著,其他器官或部位总体持平或略有增加;CK烟株上部叶钾素输入、输出维持平衡,其他器官有净增加。(4)生长期间,CK烟叶钾含量皆表现出随叶位上升而呈总体下降,K0烟叶前期有相似规律,但移栽后42 d、57 d呈"上升-下降-上升",CF于移栽后57 d为"下降-上升"趋势。上述结果说明,K0烟株移栽后42 d中部叶开始缺钾是钾整体吸收不足所致,后期则兼有上部叶钾净输出原因;CF烟株出现中、上部叶缺钾而下部叶正常则有3个原因,一是后期体内干物质累积持续增加导致的稀释;二是此期整株钾累积不仅未增加,且有下降;三是CF烟株中、上部叶钾净输出增加。     

Genotypic Variation for Tolerance to Transient Drought During the Reproductive Phase of Brassica rapa

Brassica rapa L. is a genetically diverse parent species of the allotetraploid species, oilseed rape (B. napus) and a potential source of drought tolerance for B. napus. We examined the effect of a 13‐day drought stress period during the early reproductive phase, relative to a well‐watered (WW) control, on subsequent growth and development in nine accessions of B. rapa and one accession of Brassica juncea selected for their wide morphological and genetic diversity. We measured leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, water use, and leaf and bud temperatures during the stress period and aboveground dry weight of total biomass at maturity. Dry weight of seeds and reproductive tissue were not useful measures of drought tolerance due to self‐incompatibility in B. rapa. The relative total biomass (used as the measure of drought tolerance in this study) of the 10 accessions exposed to drought stress ranged from 47 % to 117 % of the WW treatment and was negatively correlated with leaf‐to‐air and bud‐to‐air temperature difference when averaged across the 13‐day stress period. Two wild‐type (B. rapa ssp. sylvestris) accessions had higher relative total and non‐reproductive biomass at maturity and cooler leaves and buds than other types. We conclude that considerable genotypic variation for drought tolerance exists in B. rapa and cooler leaves and buds during a transient drought stress in the early reproductive phase may be a useful screening tool for drought tolerance.     

滇油杉林下死可燃物含水率与温湿度关系模型研究

[目的]研究滇油杉林下死可燃物含水率与温湿度关系模型.[方法]以滇油杉林下三类死可燃物为研究对象,借助于恒温恒湿箱对不同温湿度组合下的含水率进行测定,并研究三类死可燃物含水率与温度、湿度、温温度的关系.[结果]在相同湿度条件下,死可燃物含水率随温度的升高而降低,但在不同的湿度下具有不同的变化规律;在相同温度条件下,死可燃物含水率随相对湿度的增大而增大,但在不同的温度下具有不同的变化规律;温湿度共同作用影响死可燃物的含水率,且不同的死可燃物有不同变化规律.[结论]可燃物含水率是受多种因素影响.滇油杉林下三类死可燃物含水率从小到大依次为粗大死可燃物、腐殖质、细小死可燃物.     

施氮时期对葡萄叶片光合生理及内源激素水平的影响

以10 a生酿酒葡萄‘蛇龙珠’为试验材料，运用水肥一体化滴灌的方式分别在萌芽期（S1）、新梢旺长期（S2）、开花期（S3）、果实第一次膨大期（S4）和副梢生长旺期（S5）一次性施入300 kg·hm^-2尿素，对照为整个生育期均不施氮肥（CK），分别于花后50 d（DAF50）、花后85 d（DAF85）和花后120 d（DAF120）进行光合特性指标的测定，并采样分析氮肥施用时期对葡萄叶片光合生理及内源激素水平的影响。结果表明：各生育期施氮均能增加叶片净光合速率（Pn）及PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm），在花前施氮肥叶片Pn和Fv/Fm增加最为显著，最高分别达到18.22 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和0.854。S1、S2和S3处理显著增大了不同生育期叶片气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr），且S2处理在DAF85时最显著，Gs和Tr分别比CK高18.5%和10.8%；S3、S4和S5处理显著降低了叶片的胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）和非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ），S1处理叶片Ci与CK之间无显著差异。果实第一次膨大期之前施入氮肥能够显著增大各生育期叶片的PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（ФPSⅡ）和光化学淬灭系数（qP），最高分别达到0.889和0.959。可见，不同时期施氮肥，通过改变光合荧光相关参数影响叶片光能的吸收、传递、耗散和分配，从而改善叶片光能利用效率。氮肥的施用时期影响各生育期叶片内源激素的含量，施氮肥均显著提高了DAF85后叶片玉米素（ZT）含量，与CK相比至少提高21.9%；花后施入氮肥叶片中IAA含量在果实采收时保持在34.9 μg·g^-1以上，S4和S2处理GA₃含量最高，分别为7.11 μg·g^-1和6.49 μg·g^-1。因此，氮肥施用时期影响葡萄各生育期不同内源激素的积累。     

新疆春小麦育成品种耐热性评价

为筛选出耐热性好的小麦种质材料，通过开花期至成熟期人工模拟高温胁迫环境，以千粒重热感指数为主要评价指标，评价了新疆近30年来审定的春小麦品种的相对耐热性，并分析了高温胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量的影响。结果表明，与自然生长相比，高温胁迫条件下新疆春小麦育成品种的千粒重、籽粒宽度的变化均达到了极显著水平（P<0.01），籽粒长度变化不显著(P>0.05)，不同品种间耐热性存在很大差异。综合三年千粒重热感指数（HSI）分析，耐热性相对较好的品种有17个，连续三年HSI＜1的品种有11个，其中新春37号、新春2号、新春38号在高温胁迫条下千粒重变化较小，产量较稳定，为强耐热品种；对高温敏感品种有26个，连续三年HSI≥1的品种有13个，其中新春13号、新春18号、新春33号耐热性相对较弱。高温胁迫影响小麦籽粒的品质，其中13.95%的品种蛋白质含量降低，6.98%的品种湿面筋含量降低，其他品种高温胁迫后籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量均较自然生长有所提高。     

电子鼻和电子舌单独与联合检测掺大豆蛋白或淀粉的鸡肉糜

为实现掺杂掺假鸡肉的快速、客观评价，该研究利用电子鼻和电子舌联合检测技术对掺杂鸡肉糜进行快速检测，通过对采集的数据进行主成分分析和偏最小二乘法分析，所得结果表明，采用主成分分析，电子鼻和电子舌联合检测掺大豆蛋白鸡肉糜和掺淀粉鸡肉糜的主成分总贡献率分别为99.8%和99.1%；采用偏最小二乘法分析，电子鼻和电子舌联合检测鸡肉糜中掺杂大豆蛋白含量的预测值与真实值之间的决定系数为0.992，均方根误差为2.8%；联合检测鸡肉糜中掺杂淀粉含量的预测值与真实值之间的决定系数为0.996，均方根误差为2.4%。表明电子鼻和电子舌联合检测对鸡肉糜的掺杂情况具有良好的区分和预测能力，并且是一种有效、高精度的肉类掺假检测方法。     

Effects of Rice Variety and Growth Location in Cambodia on Grain Composition and Starch Structure简

The effects of variety and growth location on grain composition and starch structures were investigated using three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Phka Romduol, Sen Pidao and IR66) with different amylose contents. All the three cultivars were planted in three different agro-climatic zones (Phnom Penh, Coastal and Plateau) of Cambodia. The protein content of polished grains increased when rice was planted at a location with higher average temperature, but their lipid content decreased. The amylose content and degree of branching were not greatly affected by the minor temperature differences among the growing locations. Starch fine structures characterized by the chain-length distribution were significantly different among the cultivars, but not significantly among different locations. The results suggested that protein and lipid biosyntheses were more sensitive to the environmental temperature than that of starch in rice grains.     

Influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand in the Qarhan Desert,Qaidam Basin of China: A wind tunnel experiment

Determination of the threshold shear velocity is essential for predicting sand transport, dust release and desertification. In this study, a wind tunnel experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand. Saline sand samples (mean particle size of 164.50-186.08 μm and the total silt, clay and salt content of 0.80%-8.25%) were collected from three saline sand dunes (one barchan dune and two linear dunes) in the Qarhan Desert, Qaidam Basin of China. Original saline sand samples were placed in two experimental trays for wet and dry processing to simulate deliquescence and desiccation, respectively. Surface moisture content ranging from 0.30% to 1.90% was generated by the steam method so that the saline sand can absorb water in a saturated water vapor environment. The motion of sand particles was determined by the observers with a solid laser. The laser sheet (0.80 cm thick), which was emitted by the solid laser, horizontally covered the sand surface and was bound to the sand. Results show that the cohesion of saline sand results from a combination of salt and water. The threshold shear velocity increases exponentially with the increase in crust thickness for the linear sand dunes. There is a positive linear correlation between the original moisture content and relative threshold shear velocity. The threshold shear velocity of dewatered sand is greater than that of wet sand with the same original moisture content. Our results will provide valuable information about the sand transport of highly saline soil in the desert.