美国高校图书馆用户教育概述

简要介绍了美国高校图书馆用户教育的定义、发展史、目标、内容、方式、评估6个方面。并在此基础上指明了美国高校图书馆用户教育对中国高校图书馆用户教育的启示。     

美系獭兔血液生理生化指标测定

为了给獭兔的饲养管理、品种选育、肉质研究和临床诊疗提供依据,选择美系獭兔20只(雌雄各半),比利时兔10只(雌雄各半),对其血液生理生化指标进行了测定.结果表明:美系獭兔血液指标中的血小板数目、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度、谷草转氨酶、谷氨酰转肽酶、钾离子和钙离子的含量分别为292.4×109·L-1、379.0 g·L-1...     

美洲耕地利用格局及其时空变化特征

【目的】耕地时空格局变化特征分析是地表覆盖研究的热点问题之一。美洲作为全球重要的粮食生产区,其耕地数量和分布具有全球性战略地位,科学分析美洲耕地时空格局变化特征、过程和规律为耕地可持续发展提供科学参考。【方法】基于GlobeLand30数据集,运用数理统计和GIS空间分析等方法,系统分析了2000-2010年美洲耕地面积数量变化、空间分布及类型转化特征,并重点分析了亚马逊地区耕地格局变化状况。【结果】2010年美洲耕地总面积为52 875.05×10⁴ hm²;2000-2010年的10年间,美洲耕地总面积总体增加,面积增加约2 128.14×10⁴ hm²,增幅约4.19%。耕地面积增加最大国家为巴西,幅度达到9.51%,位居美洲国家之首,其次为阿根廷;减少最大国家为厄瓜多尔,面积减少101.14×10⁴ hm²。10年间美洲耕地复种指数增加2.42%,变化最为显著国家为巴拉圭、波多黎各。从耕地变化类型看,美洲新增耕地主要来源于林地、草地,而耕地减少主要是由于人造地表的侵占。美国耕地总量最多,但10年间耕地增长率较低,仅为0.08%,绝大部分损失的耕地转为人造地表,由于收获面积的减少导致复种指数减少了0.89%;巴西耕地总量仅次于美国,耕地大幅度增加主要来源于林地和草地,同时复种指数有较大程度提高。亚马逊地区作为美洲重要的生态和农业区域,10年间耕地增长8.41%,耕地增长伴随着森林、草地被大量破坏,尤其在巴西西南和厄瓜多尔表现最为剧烈。【结论】2000-2010年美洲耕地整体上呈现增加态势,国家间耕地利用格局变化差异明显;耕地主要来源于林地、草地和灌木,增长集中在巴西和阿根廷,耕地主要转出为人造地表,集中在美国。作为美洲重要的粮食生产区,亚马逊地区耕地面积和耕地复种指数都提高,两者同步增加一定程度上提高区域或全球粮食产量,但其带来的生态环境效益需要深入关注。     

Stand dynamics and tree quality response to precommercial thinning in a northern hardwood forest of the Acadian forest region: 23 years of intermediate results

In the late 1980s, large forest companies began precommercial thinning (PCT) operations in young northern hardwood cutovers in New Brunswick, Canada. To provide supporting growth and yield information, an industrial experiment was established at residual stand densities of 1300, 1600, 1900, and 2200?stems?ha^?1. Stand responses were examined for measurements recorded at 0 (1987), 5 (1992), 10 (1997), 16 (2003), and 23 (2010) years after establishment. Average diameter at breast height, quadratic mean diameter, stand basal area, and stand total volume growth increased as stem density decreased from PCT. There were significant linear differences for many of these variables between treatments and time periods (year). No significant differences were detected in tree height between treatments. In 2010, the four PCT thinning treatments did not exhibit any differences in potential sawlogs at 2.4?m (8?ft) and 3.6?m (12?ft) lengths. Significant differences were observed for 4.9?m (16?ft) sawlogs that were produced at the least dense spacing (1300?stems?ha^?1). Results from this study and recommendations from the European literature suggest that value-added timber products may be produced from more intense PCT treatments than are currently being practiced on sites dominated by yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.).     

美国‘WL’系列苜蓿品种在北疆的引种试验

为筛选出适合新疆北部的苜蓿品种,引进‘WL168HQ’、‘WL343HQ’、‘WL363HQ’、‘WL354HQ’等4个美国‘WL’系列苜蓿品种,进行2年的生育期和产草量测定和主要营养成分的分析。结果表明,不同品种生育期无明显差异,越冬率均在95%以上,在当地表现出很好的适应性。‘WL’系列苜蓿品种蛋白质含量均高于新疆大叶苜蓿,其中‘WL168HQ’初花期粗蛋白质含量最高达20.32%,中性洗涤粗纤维含量35.0%。生长第2年‘WL168HQ’、‘WL343HQ’年总产量最高达24024.7、23590.7 kg/hm2,比新疆大叶苜蓿增产25.2%、23.8%(P0.01)。经分析‘WL168HQ’和‘WL343HQ’品种在北疆平原区适应性比较强,干草产量高,营养丰富,建议同类区域广泛推广种植,也可以作为育种材料加以创新利用。     

美国西北部59个小麦品种（系）抗条锈病基因分子检测及对中国条锈菌系抗性鉴定#br#

 【目的】了解59份美国西北部小麦品种（系）对中国当前条锈菌流行小种的抗性水平,分析其抗病基因的存在情况,为培育中国抗条锈病新品种提供资源和依据。【方法】选用中国小麦条锈菌优势小种条中31号、条中32号和条中33号对大部分具有高温成株抗性的美国59份小麦品种（系）苗期及成株期进行抗性接种鉴定,利用与当前有效的全生育期抗性基因Yr10、Yr15、成株抗性基因Yr18、高温成株抗性基因Yr39紧密连锁的分子标记对供试材料进行分子检测。【结果】抗性鉴定表明,Expresso、02W50076、ACS52610、WA008012、WA008018等5份材料苗期与成株期对条中31号、条中32号和条中33号混合菌均表现为抗病,属于全生育期抗病品种。 33份材料苗期表现感病而成株期表现抗病,属于成株期抗病品种。分子检测发现59份材料均不含有Yr10;含有Yr15、Yr18和Yr39的材料分别为12、33和29份,占20%、56%和49%。【结论】Yr18、Yr39在美国西北部小麦品（系）中的分布较普遍,并且大部分可以抵抗中国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种,可应用这些抗性材料配制中国小麦抗条锈病新品种。     

土壤质地定名法及吸湿水与土壤粒级含量关系的研究

利用卡庆斯基制、美国制、中国制3种土粒分级标准对张家口葡萄产区的30个采样点进行土壤质地命名,并通过对比分析得出中国制是该区最适的土壤质地分类方法。现对吸湿水含量与土壤各粒级微粒百分含量的关系做了探测性研究,得出吸湿水和土壤中小于0.01 mm的粒径含量之间拟合曲线方程为:Y=20.272e0.207x,可根据此方程应用卡庆斯基制确定土壤质地;吸湿水和土壤中1~0.05 mm0、.05~0.002 mm粒径含量的拟合曲线方程分别为:y=22.018x2-105.323x+156.381,y=-18.304x2+86.495x-49.536,又可根据这2个方程利用美国制确定土壤质地名称。这些为用简易方法鉴定土壤质地类型提供科学依据。     

北美海棠品种在不同栽植模式下的生长和生理响应研究

为了探索北美海棠(North American Begonia)对不同栽植模式的响应,提升北美海棠在园林绿化中的栽植广度。研究了6个北美海棠品种在5种栽植模式下的生长和生理响应。结果表明,从不同品种对栽植模式的响应来看,栽植模式1要优于其他栽植方式;其中露易莎对各种栽植方式适应性最好,其次是罗宾逊、凯尔斯、丰花;各北美海棠品种在园林绿化应用中栽植高度以小于地面40 cm为宜;光合特性差异较小的品种有高原之火、丰花、罗宾逊、凯尔斯;高原之火的成活率最高,为100%,其次是凯尔斯、露易莎、丽丝,成活率为80%。凯尔斯、高原之火植株的叶片发病率较低,丰花、丽丝的植株叶片虫害较轻。     

Characterizing environmental and spatial variables associated with the incidental catch of olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific purse‐seine fishery

In the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), a region of high fishing activity, olive ridley (Lepidochelis olivacea) and other sea turtles are accidentally caught in fishing nets with tuna and other animals. To date, the interaction between fishing activity, ocean conditions and sea turtle incidental catch in the ETP has been described and quantified, but the factors leading to the interaction of olive ridleys and fishing activity are not well understood. This information is essential for the development of future management strategies that avoid bycatch and incidental captures of sea turtles. We used Generalized additive models (GAM) to analyze the relationship between olive ridley incidental catch per unit effort (iCPUE) in the ETP purse‐seine fisheries and environmental conditions, geographic extent and fishing set type (associated with dolphins, floating objects or in free‐swimming tuna schools). Our results suggest that water temperature, set type and geographic location (latitude, longitude and distance to nesting beaches) are the most important predictor variables to describe the probability of a capture event, with the highest iCPUE observed in sets made over floating objects. With the environmental predictors used, sea surface temperatures (SST) of 26–30°C and chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) concentrations <0.36 mg m^?3 were associated with the highest probability of an incidental catch. Temporally, the highest probability of an incidental catch was observed in the second half of the year (June to December). Four regions were observed as high incidental catch hotspots: North and south of the equator between 0–10°N; 0–10°S and from 120 to 140°W; and along the Colombian coast and surrounding regions.