水力机械空化空蚀问题的研究进展

从水力机械空化现象的产生机理出发,综述了国内外空化空蚀问题理论分析、数值模拟和试验研究的现状,简要叙述了各种研究方法的优点和特点.通过分析归纳理论分析、数值模拟和试验研究这三者之间的内在联系,指出空化模型理论和可视化空化试验是目前的研究重点.在对相关研究进行总结的基础上,阐述了水力机械空化空蚀研究的发展趋势为,数值模拟理论和技术的深入完善、可视化技术的广泛应用和空蚀在线监测系统的开发;而空化空蚀问题的确切机理将是未来研究工作的重点.     

油菜抗倒伏测试风洞关键部件仿真与试验

为解决现有油菜抗倒伏品种选育周期长、难度大等问题，依托计算流体力学软件Fluent建立油菜抗倒伏测试风洞模型，对风洞扩散段、稳定段、收缩段等关键部位进行参数设计及仿真试验，分析该模型对风洞流场品质的影响，最终通过正交试验选择最佳设计方案。结果显示，单因素试验中，收缩段长度Lc增加，风洞出口风速变异系数增加，气流品质下降；随稳定段长度Lw增加，风洞出口风速变异系数先减小后增加，稳定段长度1 000 mm时，风速变异系数最低，气流品质最佳；阻尼网距稳定段出口长度增加，风洞出口风速变异系数先降低后增加，阻尼网距稳定段出口0.65Lw时，风速变异系数最小。正交试验结果显示，收缩段长度600 mm、稳定段800 mm、阻尼网距风洞出口0.65Lw时，对应风洞试验区风速平均变异系数为0.139，风速较其他方案更稳定，气流品质最佳。实测验证发现，与仿真结果相比，实测风速大小无明显差别，且实测结果中各截面风速变异系数略优于仿真值，整体仿真结果与实测效果拟合较好。     

筒式风能采集系统及其试验研究

为了克服现有技术中风能采集装置对风速或风向适应能力不足、风能利用率不高的问题,提出了一种适合城市高空风能利用的新型筒式垂直轴风力发电系统,其不仅具有很强的风向适应能力,而且能够在较低风速时,充分利用导风板将风力集中到筒式风能采集系统内,提高了风轮利用风能的效率。这种风力发电系统将与城市高层建筑构成一体化,充分利用高空风能优势进行发电,噪音小,不会给城市的生活和工作带来影响。介绍了该筒式风能采集系统的主要组成部分,以及实验结果,初步证实了该设计的可行性。     

小型自排沉沙池沉沙工况的水力学特性试验研究

首先介绍了小型自排沉沙池的工作原理与工作过程,然后以物理模型对小型自排沉沙的水力学特性进行试验研究,通过试验资料深入分析了小型自排沉沙池内水流的流态特征,流速分布等水力特性。试验研究旨在为进一步研究小型自排沉沙池沉沙工况提供依据。     

竹青板作为风电叶片复合材料增强相的性能评价

针对目前玻璃钢叶片存在的问题,采用分级竹青板作为风电叶片复合材料的增强相,并利用INSTRON 5582 Grading能力学试验机进行检测.结果表明:由一二级竹青板制成的分级竹青层积材复合材料,其物理力学性能均达到或超过目前国外风电叶片在用的常规木材/环氧层积材的特性,完全能够替代目前大量使用的玻璃钢叶片材料.     

太行山石质山地植被结构优化评价

以太行山石质砂岩区山地植被为研究对象,在对典型植被类型综合调查的基础上,提出了评价山地植被水土保持效益的10项指标,并通过不同植被类型的水源涵养效能指标测定和径流小区泥沙对比分析,认为人工-天然复合植被类型的水土保持效果最好,乔木林最适郁闭度为0．6～0．7。阐述了突出水土保持、水源涵养功能的植被优化结构建设是太行山石质山地植被恢复的根本途径和防护林体系建设的重要内容。     

植被恢复与重建过程中小流域降雨及水沙变化特征研究

以女儿寨小流域为研究对象，着重研究了植被恢复与重建过程中小流域系统的降雨和水沙变化特征，并对植被恢复过程中的总体减沙水平做了分析。结果表明：①受大气环流的影响，小流域年际降雨量差异较大；小流域降雨年内时间分布极为不均，集中性很大，主要集中在汛期（4-8月），但年内降雨量的月间分布趋势基本一致。②小流域迳流年际变化很大，迳流年内分配不均。迳流集中是该小流域迳流变化的一个显著特征：小流域的植被恢复与重建对洪峰的出现和洪峰流量具有明显的延缓和削减作用。③径流（Qi）主要来源于降水（Pi），二者呈明显的一元线型关系：Pi=115．7678＋2．7386Qi。④小流域的年输沙模数与年迳流量的变化规律基本一致，小流域年内产沙也高度集中，且与降水、迳流关系密切，小流域的土壤侵蚀主要由汛期的强降水引起。⑤随着小流域大面积、高标准的生态环境建设，1990年至2004年间小流域的输沙模数呈锐减之势，植被恢复与重建起到了显著的减沙效应。     

迎面火与主地表火相互作用的实验研究

为了研究地表火卷吸作用的范围和迎面火与主火相互作用的机理 ,在大空间室内实验室进行了实验研究 .在该实验室实验可以避免环境风和环境温度变化的影响 .研究结果表明 :(1)在火头前方有明显的逆风区存在 .在逆风区下部的逆风风速要比上部的大 ,而且当高度达到某一数值时 ,逆风就不明显了 ;(2 )迎面火与主火之间即使相距较远也存在相互作用 .当它们相互接近到一定程度时 ,彼此相互吸引 .这使得火的蔓延速度显著升高 .对于火线火强度为 16 0kW·m-1地表火来说 ,蔓延速度增加2 7% .     

The role of shelter in Australia for protecting soils,plants and livestock

The purpose of this review is to examine the current knowledge of the role of trees in providing shelter for pastures, crops, and livestock, for controlling erosion of soils and improving productivity and sustainability of agricultural production in Australia — and the extent to which this knowledge has been applied.Land degradation — tree loss and associated soil salinity, water and wind erosion, soil acidification, soil structural decline and nutrient degradation — is evidence that our primary production systems are not sustainable. We have sought increased production without proper consideration of the ecological context of that system. About half of Victoria's crop and pasture lands are affected or at risk, and in Western Australia about 25% of the cleared agricultural land is wind-eroded and 60% is potentially susceptible, salinity affects 0.43 m ha and half of the divertible surface water is affected by salinity. Similar problems occur in other States. At least 43 m ha or 13% of our rangelands are seriously degraded by wind erosion caused by overgrazing, often coinciding with drought or a run of drier years.Minimum tillage and stubble management for erosion control in cropping has been a major extension and research activity in Australian agriculture. Severe weather, combined with imperfect adoption of appropriate grazing and crop management systems, shows the weakness of complete reliance on these methods of erosion control. An effective system must accommodate the impact of extreme events, which are the most damaging. However, the complementary use of windbreaks to reduce soil erosion is rare, and their establishment has not been promoted, despite the wide-spread adoption of this technology by other countries.In the cropping and higher rainfall grazing areas, the systematic planting of 10% of the land in a net of shelterbelts/timberbelts/clusters could achieve a 50% windspeed reduction; this would substantially improve livestock and pasture production in the short and long-term. Wind erosion could be dramatically reduced and crop production probably increased by the use of windbreaks. Wheat and oat yield at Rutherglen (Victoria), and lupin yield at Esperance (Western Australia), were increased in the sheltered zone by 22% and 47%, and 30%, respectively.In semi-arid and dry temperate areas, planting of 5% of the land to shelter could reduce windspeed by 30–50% and soil loss by up to 80%. This planting would also contribute substantially to achieving other objectives of sustainable agriculture. Agroforestry — particularly timberbelts applications — will be important in the long-term strategy for achieving revegetation. If some of the trees yield a marketable product then the adoption of the system will be more readily achieved.In the arid (pastoral) areas there is an urgent need to promote the ethic that preservation and improvement of the perennial grass and shrub vegetation is critical for the protection of the soil and maintenance of land capability. Control of animal grazing remains the sole means of preventing erosion in much of this zone. While satellite imagery allows us to assess the condition of leasehold lands, we have failed to achieve stocking policies that will halt the degradation of our rangelands.