红外相机技术在河北雾灵山国家级自然保护区中的应用

为了充实河北雾灵山自然保护区的野生动物资源本底资料,提高监测能力和监测水平,雾灵山保护区自2015年开始将红外相机技术应用到野生动植物的资源调查和管护中。目前应用红外相机技术发现兽类5目10科14种,鸟类4目6科10种,掌握了区内主要物种猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)、狍(Capreolus)和勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)的日活动节律,补充了保护区的本底调查资料,为保护区进一步开展金钱豹(Panthera pardus)、斑羚(Naemorhedus goral)和鸟类多样性等科学研究奠定了基础,为保护区制定关于野生动物资源的相关管护政策提供了科学依据。     

墨脱县农田土壤养分现状与分布特征

本研究利用2017年墨脱县农田测土配方项目土壤调查数据,运用地统计学方法研究了墨脱县耕层土壤有机质(SOM)、碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)养分含量现状及分布特征,以期为墨脱县耕地土壤科学合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明:当前墨脱全县土壤SOM、AN、AP和AK平均含量为89.18 g/kg、201.25 mg/kg、11.23 mg/kg、313.17 mg/kg;90%的土壤样本有机质含量处于丰富水平;83%的土壤样本碱解氮含量处于丰富、稍丰等级;84%的土壤样本速效磷含量在中等及中等以下肥力水平;46%的土壤样本速效钾含量处于中等及以下水平。从空间分布来看,土壤SOM、AK总体上呈现西高东低,AN含量由北至南呈升高趋势,土壤AP整体上没有明显的空间变化规律。墨脱县耕地土壤养分整体表现为有机质含量丰富,氮素养分较丰富,磷素养分缺乏现象普遍,钾素养分部分区域缺乏。为提升墨脱县耕地土壤肥力水平,各乡镇应该因地制宜进行土壤培肥。     

基于应用型人才培养教学中思政教育的融入策略实施

思政教育是高职院校教学的重点内容,对学生的思想、行为会产生直接影响,同时与工匠精神存在紧密关系,需要对其予以融合。为了提升高职机械类专业教学的质量,引入思政教育极为重要,其在推动学生全面发展方面也发挥出了重要作用。基于此,主要以机械基础类专业教学为例,分析了高职机械类专业课程与思政教育的联系为切入点。同时,通过调整教学思路与路径,结合机械发展史展开思政教育,引入大国重器实际研发案例,落实全面评价这些思政教育的融入策略。     

延迟收获对长江中游春玉米农艺性状及机收质量的影响

为探明长江中游玉米籽粒机械直收适宜品种与配套农艺措施，2018—2019年选用不同玉米品种，测定不同机收时间下玉米关键农艺性状、产量及机收质量指标。结果表明，收获时间对春玉米机收产量与机收质量均有显著影响。延迟1周收获后籽粒容重显著增加，机收产量显著提高，2年平均提高9.72%；而延迟2周收获则有降低机收产量的趋势。2年收获时杂质率总体≤3%，而机收籽粒破碎率与损失率均>5%，是该区域春玉米籽粒机收面临的主要问题。籽粒厚度、籽粒含水率和百粒重是影响机收籽粒破碎率的关键性状，三者与机收籽粒破碎率均呈显著的倒二次曲线关系；玉米的倒伏率、穗位高和重心高度是影响机收损失率的关键性状，倒伏率与机收损失率呈显著正相关，而穗位高和重心高度与机收损失率均呈显著的二次曲线关系。延迟收获能显著降低籽粒含水量，从而降低籽粒破碎率，但继续延迟收获有增加倒伏的风险。综上，长江中游春玉米成熟后适时延迟7~10 d收获，可有效降低籽粒含水量与机收籽粒破碎率，提高玉米籽粒机收产量。     

动物饲料国际贸易、养殖密度与环境氮磷平衡的关系

粮食和饲料的国际贸易促进了许多国家农业生产系统的专业化和集约化。专业化动物养殖越来越多地依赖进口大豆和玉米,虽然提高了动物生产力,但也促使作物和动物生产系统在空间上的分离。本文综述了几十年来全球范围内大豆和玉米的贸易变化,并将其与养殖密度和整个食品系统中营养平衡的变化联系起来。这一变化与不同的营养管理条例的差异和动物饲养密度的空间变化有关。深入解析这些变化有助于理解动物饲料国际贸易、养殖密度与氮磷平衡之间的复杂关系。     

黑果枸杞茎叶生长及其生态化学计量特征对灌水施肥的响应

在石羊河中游田间条件下,通过灌水和施肥调节黑果枸杞生长。测定不同时期黑果枸杞茎、叶生长量及其化学计量学特征变化,分析器官水平生长速率与化学计量学特征的关系,验证生态化学计量学理论"生长速率假说"。灌水施肥显著促进了茎长、基径和叶片长、宽及叶干重的生长(P<0.05),而茎长、基径、叶面积和叶干重的相对生长速率与对照之间无显著差异。各处理下黑果枸杞新梢C含量及C∶N、C∶P随生育期进程呈增加趋势,而N、P及N∶P呈降低趋势;灌水和施肥处理后茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,茎N、P含量高于对照。各处理叶片C、N、P含量在生育期内呈降低趋势,而C∶N、C∶P及N∶P呈增加趋势;灌水和施肥后叶片C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,叶片N、P含量高于对照。茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P显著高于叶片(P<0.05),而N、P含量及N∶P显著低于叶片(P<0.05)。生长速率假说认为,生物个体的生长速率与体内的N∶P、C∶P具有负相关关系,与N、P含量呈显著的正相关关系。各处理黑果枸杞茎、叶的生长速率与其N、P含量及C∶P、N∶P总体相关性不显著。表明施肥灌水调节下黑果枸杞茎叶生长及化学计量学特征不支持生长速率假说。     

Cultivation effects on soil texture and fertility in an arid desert region of northwestern China

In arid desert regions of northwestern China, reclamation and subsequent irrigated cultivation have become effective ways to prevent desertification, expand arable croplands, and develop sustainable agricultural production. Improvement in soil texture and fertility is crucial to high soil quality and stable crop yield. However, knowledge on the long-term effects of the conversion of desert lands into arable croplands is very limited. To address this problem, we conducted this study in an arid desert region of northwestern China to understand the changes in soil physical-chemical properties after 0, 2, 5, 10, 17, and 24 years of cultivation. Our results showed that silt and clay contents at the 17-year-old sites increased 17.5 and 152.3 folds, respectively, compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The soil aggregate size fraction and its stability exhibited an exponential growth trend with increasing cultivation ages, but no significant change was found for the proportion of soil macroaggregates (>5.00 mm) during the 17 years of cultivation. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content at the 24-year-old sites was 6.86 g/kg and increased 8.8 folds compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The total (or available) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents showed significant increasing trends and reached higher values after 17 (or 24) years of cultivation. Changes in soil physical-chemical properties successively experienced slow, rapid, and stable development stages, but some key properties (such as soil aggregate stability and SOC) were still too low to meet the sustainable agricultural production. The results of this long-term study indicated that reasonable agricultural management, such as expanding no-tillage land area, returning straw to the fields, applying organic fertilizer, reducing chemical fertilizer application, and carrying out soil testing for formula fertilization, is urgently needed in arid desert regions.     

我国社会救助管理服务体系建设研究

我国社会救助体系不断完善的过程中涉及主体更多元、方式更多样。当前社会救助面临相关部门和组织多、信息复杂、经办分散、分类精准施救难度大等问题。基于我国社会救助模式的合理价值选择，提出管理服务体系建设的重要意义。进而分析社会救助在管理服务上面临的挑战和难题，从组织协调管理、信息网络系统、基层经办机构、社会参与机制四个方面提出构建多层次管理服务体系的思路。力求提高管理服务的效率和效能，促进互助共济社会救助共同体的形成，提升公众满意度，夯实我国民生保障基础。     

Utilizing a DUALEM‐421 and inversion modelling to map baseline soil salinity along toposequences in the Hunter Valley Wine district

In the oldest commercial wine district of Australia, the Hunter Valley, there is the threat of soil salinization because marine sediments underlie the area. To understand the risk requires information about the spatial distribution of soil properties. Electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have been used to identify and map the spatial variation of average soil salinity to a certain depth. However, soils vary with depth dependent on soil forming factors. We collected data from a single‐frequency and multiple‐coil DUALEM‐421 along a toposequence. We inverted this data using EM4Soil software and evaluated the resultant 2‐dimensional model of true electrical conductivity (σ – mS/m) with depth against electrical conductivity of saturated soil pastes (EC_p – dS/m). Using a fitted linear regression (LR) model calibration approach and by varying the forward model (cumulative function‐CF and full solution‐FS), inversion algorithm (S1 and S2), damping factor (λ) and number of arrays, we determined a suitable electromagnetic conductivity image (EMCI), which was optimal (R² = 0.82) when using the full solution, S2, λ = 3.6 and all six coil arrays. We conducted an uncertainty analysis of the LR model used to estimate the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil‐paste extract (EC_e – dS/m). Our interpretation based on estimates of EC_e suggests the approach can identify differences in salinity, how these vary with parent material and how topography influences salt distribution. The results provide information leading to insights into how soil forming factors and agricultural practices influence salinity down a toposequence and how this can guide soil management practices.     

病程相关蛋白在采后果蔬诱导抗病性中的研究进展

果蔬受到真菌、细菌或病毒侵染时,自身能诱导产生病程相关蛋白(Pathogenesis-related proteins,PRs)。根据它们的结构亲缘关系和生物活性,PRs被分为17个功能家族。在控制果蔬采后病害的研究中,利用激发子诱导产生果蔬抗性已逐渐成为果蔬采后病害防治中一种安全、高效的保鲜方法,这也成为果蔬采后抗病研究的热点和发展趋势。本文综述了果蔬病程相关蛋白的分类、功能、诱导表达,以及蛋白组学技术在果蔬采后PRs表达水平上的应用,以期为果蔬病程相关蛋白的研究提供借鉴和参考。