中亚天然气管道工艺细节设计

针对中亚天然气管道项目工艺设计中钢管低温脆性、管道水压试验、阀门压力等级和材质选择、放空立管防雨水功能4个代表性问题进行了分析。在低温时,通过采取保温措施、控制材料低温韧性或制定相应站场操作原则,避免管道出现低温脆性断裂;关于管道水压设计,设计方在提交给钢管厂家的技术条款中应增加现场强度试压的压力值和试压所维持时间的信息项,钢管厂家投标时应将工厂内的水试验压力指标列入标书中;在选择阀门压力等级和材质方面,采用标准磅级、特殊磅级、提高磅级或者中间额定4种方案,以解决阀门不满足设计压力和设计温度要求的问题;针对目前中亚项目放空立管防雨水存在的缺陷,提出了新的放空立管设计方案。     

混凝土面板开裂情况下堆石坝应力场与渗流场的耦合分析

【目的】研究混凝土面板开裂情况下堆石坝在应力场与渗流场耦合作用下的工作性态,为混凝土面板堆石坝的设计与施工提供参考。【方法】以多孔岩土介质渗透系数与体积应变之间的数学表达式为基础,研究建立了混凝土面板堆石坝应力场与渗流场耦合分析的数学模型,并基于等宽缝隙稳定流的运动规律,推导建立了混凝土面板裂缝的等效渗透系数计算模型。【结果】当混凝土面板发生开裂时,对于堆石体而言,应力场与渗流场的耦合效应是客观存在的。与不考虑耦合效应相比,考虑耦合效应时坝体的垂直位移最大值出现的位置相对偏向坝体下部,且数值增大了5.5%;坝体的水平位移最大值增大了8.9%,其分布规律也发生了较明显的变化;坝体内渗流自由面明显上升,渗流水头有所增大,同时坝体的单宽渗透流量增加了15.1%。【结论】在混凝土面板开裂情况下,堆石体内应力场与渗流场的耦合效应是客观存在的,因此,考虑耦合效应的计算结果更为合理、可靠。     

Chloride Transport in Splitting Cracked Concrete at Marine Tidal Zone

The chloride ion transport in concretes with different size of splitting cracks at marine tidal zone is investigated. The splitting crack widths of concrete are about 003 mm, 005 mm, 010 mm, 015 mm and 030 mm. The cracked concrete and sound concrete are placed at marine tidal zone for 30 d, and the chloride ion content in crack zone and perimeter zone of concrete, chloride ion penetration depth and steel bar corrosion area are quantitatively determined. It is shown that splitting crack will be recovered when the concrete is unloaded in split test. And the splitting crack width of concrete should be characterized by the value of displacement sensor when the concrete is unloaded in split test. The chloride ion content of cracked concrete decreases with increased depth, and then gets to remain steady from 10 mm to the inner. The relationship between chloride ion content and crack width in the steady zone can be regressed as the exponential function and the linear function for the crack zone and the perimeter zone of concrete, respectively. Due to away from the crack zone, the influence of splitting crack width on accelerated chloride ion ingression in the perimeter zone is less than that in the crack zone. When the splitting crack width is more than 005 mm, the chloride ion penetration depth in crack plane and in vertical crack plane of concrete is 50 mm and 20 mm, respectively. And the steel corrosion area enlarges with the increasing crack width. And the chloride diffusion coefficient of cracked concrete is closely related to the resistance capacity to chloride penetration of concrete, crack density (matrix width, crack width), and chloride binding capacity of concrete. When the crack density of concrete is less than 70, the chloride diffusion coefficient of cracked concrete increases with decreased crack density linearly. The chloride penetration will accelerate near the crack zone. And the raised splitting crack width will lead to its influence area in concrete increased quickly.     

Numerical Simulation on Whole Construction Process of High-Rise CFST Structures

The time-changing analysis model for concrete filled steel tubes was established based on the time-changing concrete model of CEB-FIP MC90, in which the interaction between steel tube and concrete core was considered by the restraint conditions of master and slave nodes. The numerical simulation method was developed for analyzing the whole construction process of high-rise CFST structures. A real structure was taken as numerical example, in which the influence of concrete creep and shrinkage as well as construction process was considered. The results of numerical simulation are compared with those obtained from on-site monitoring. It is shown that the concrete creep and shrinkage as well as construction process have big influence on high-rise CFST structures, which should be taken into account in designs and constructions.     

铁磁构件裂纹漏磁场分析及裂纹检测装置

针对铁磁材料构件裂纹损伤检测方法和仪器应用技术现状,建立了基于磁荷理论的V型裂纹漏磁场分析模型,得出了平板铁磁构件表面指定探测点的漏磁场理论表达式.采用MATLAB软件将所推导数学模型绘图,得出了漏磁场的法向分量Hy与裂纹开口宽度的关系曲线、漏磁场的法向分量Hy与裂纹深度的关系曲线、漏磁场的法向分量Hy与裂纹长度的关系曲线;得出裂纹漏磁场法向分量Hy过零点、漏磁场切向分量Hx出现最大值和漏磁场切向分量Hz出现裂纹端部过零点的漏磁场分布特性.根据理论分析得出的裂纹漏磁场特征,设计制作了阵列式的裂纹检测装置和试验平台,并对带有V型裂纹的铁磁构件进行检测.实验表明:理论分析得出的三维漏磁场与检测结果能够较好的吻合,并对分析预测裂纹的几何参数具有一定的参考意义,根据漏磁模型研制的检测装置能探测铁磁构件的裂纹缺陷.     

Whole-genome QTL scan for ultrasound and carcass merit traits in beef cattle using Bayesian shrinkage method

Fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for 16 ultrasound measurements and carcass merit traits that were collected from 418 hybrid steers was conducted using 1207 SNP markers covering the entire genome. These SNP markers were evaluated using a Bayesian shrinkage estimation method and the empirical critical significant thresholds (α = 0.05 and α = 0.01) were determined by permutation based on 3500 permuted datasets for each trait to control the genome-wide type I error rates. The analyses identified a total of 105 QTLs (p < 0.05) for seven ultrasound measure traits including ultrasound backfat, ultrasound marbling and ultrasound ribeye area and 113 QTLs for seven carcass merit traits of carcass weight, grade fat, average backfat, ribeye area, lean meat yield, marbling and yield grade. Proportion of phenotypic variance accounted for by a single QTL ranged from 0.06% for mean ultrasound backfat to 4.83% for carcass marbling (CMAR) score, while proportion of the phenotypic variance accounted for by all significant (p < 0.05) QTL identified for a single trait ranged from 4.54% for carcass weight to 23.87% for CMAR.     

玻纤格栅抵抗不同宽度裂缝反射性能的研究

以加铺玻纤格栅提高沥青面层抗反射能力为研究背景,在室内进行静载有侧限、静载无侧限和动载三种情况,模拟不同宽度的裂缝进行抗反射裂缝试验,并为保证格栅与结构层的粘结性能进行最佳沥青用量试验,结果表明,格栅可以抵抗一定宽度内裂缝发展,但对裂缝的初裂性能上影响较小,对于裂缝在沥青加铺层中的扩展具有良好的改善作用,裂缝的发展形态与路面结构、材料和原始裂缝相关,格栅的有效能力为15%～40%,基层的侧限强度对裂缝扩展影响很大。     

沥青路面表面纵向与横向疲劳裂缝扩展研究

基于自上而下的表面纵、横向疲劳裂缝严重影响沥青路面的使用品质,首先分析表面疲劳裂缝的形成机理,然后采用奇异等参元法及断裂力学理论,应用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立20结点等参立方体单元的有限元模型,数值计算路面表面纵、横向疲劳裂缝扩展,探讨表面纵、横向裂缝疲劳扩展的规律。计算表明:①表面纵、横向裂缝扩展只考虑偏载作用,随着裂缝向下扩展,其K2是增大到一个峰值后,再由此下降。裂缝扩展前期,纵、横向裂缝的K2差别不大,而在中后期,纵向裂缝的K2要大于横向裂缝。②各路面结构参数中面层厚度h1和模量E1及基层模量E2对表面纵、横向裂缝扩展影响较大,其它参数(土基模量E0、底基层厚度h3和模量E3、基层厚度h2)则影响很小。     

枣裂果机制研究

采用浸水模拟降雨、石蜡制片和显微测量技术,以极易裂、中抗和极抗裂品种为材料,测量枣果表皮厚度、梗洼下空腔、果肉空腔和果肉细胞大小及其变化,探讨成熟期枣裂果机制。结果表明,不同裂果等级枣品种之间表皮厚度差异极显著,且极抗裂品种表皮最厚,极易裂品种最薄,中抗品种居中,表皮越厚越抗裂。不同裂果等级枣品种之间梗洼下空腔与枣果比率差异极显著,极抗裂品种比率最小(0.24%～0.26%),极易裂品种最大(0.62%),梗洼下空腔越小越抗裂。不同裂果等级枣品种之间果肉空腔大小差异极显著,极抗裂品种最小(3 380.82～3 879.12μm2),极易裂品种最大(9 300.49～10 809.86μm2),果肉空腔越小越抗裂。果肉细胞大小没有显著差异,但果肉细胞的吸水速显著不同,极易裂品种果肉细胞吸收最快,极抗裂品种最慢,中抗品种居中,果肉细胞吸水越慢越抗裂。这些研究表明枣果表皮厚度、梗洼下空腔、果肉空腔和果肉细胞的吸水速度共同决定了枣的裂果程度。     

喷灌和畦灌对冬小麦农田表层土壤结构的影响

A two-year experiment was carried out on the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the topsoil structure in a winter wheat field. A border-irrigated field was used as the control group. The total soil porosity, pore size distribution, pore shape distribution, soil cracks and soil compaction were measured. The sprinkler irrigation brought significant changes to the total soil porosity, capillary porosity, air-filled porosity and pore shape of topsoil layers in comparison with the border irrigation. The total porosity and air-filled porosity of the topsoil in the sprinkler irrigation were higher than those in the border irrigation. The changes in the air-filled and elongated pores were the main reasons for the changes in total porosity. The porosities of round and irregular pores in topsoil under sprinkler irrigation were lower than those under border irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation produced smaller soil cracks than border irrigation did, so sprinkler irrigation may restrain the development of macropore flow in comparison with border irrigation. The topsoil was looser under sprinkler irrigation than under border irrigation. According to the conditions of topsoil structure, it is preferable for crops to grow under sprinkler irrigation than under border irrigation.