基于动态箱法的北京延庆区牛粪堆放CH4和N2O排放量估算

畜禽粪便堆放管理会造成甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)等温室气体的大量排放。通过联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)建议的排放系数等方法,可以实现对某一区域范围内畜禽粪便管理系统的温室气体排放总量的估算,但由于其排放受粪便管理、气候条件等因素的显著影响,直接套用IPCC的默认系数会产生较大的误差。为更加准确估算中国奶牛粪便管理所造成的CH_4、N_2O排放,该文在对北京延庆区奶牛生产与粪便管理模式进行了实地调研的基础上,采用动态箱法模拟了奶牛粪便不同季节短时自然堆放管理模式下的CH_4、N_2O排放过程,并对区域内的年温室气体排放总量进行了测算。研究结果表明,奶牛粪便在一个月的自然堆放管理模式下,每千克牛粪挥发性固体在春、夏、秋季的CH_4排放量分别为223.97、4 603.31、351.38 mg,每千克牛粪N_2O排放量分别为5.86、9.43、0.81 mg。2016年北京延庆区全年奶牛粪便CH_4、N_2O排放总量分别为13 342.50、347.87 kg。延庆区奶牛粪便堆放管理过程的CH_4排放因子为1.50kg/(头·a),小于IPCC指南中的1.78 kg/(头·a);受堆放时间较短的影响,N_2O的排放因子则显著小于IPCC的推荐值。若直接使用IPCC默认参数估算延庆区奶牛粪便堆放管理过程中的CH_4和N_2O排放量,会造成排放量的高估。     

蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵挥发性有机物排放特征

为研究蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵过程产生的挥发性有机物(volatile organic compound,VOCs)及主要致臭物质,开展了蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵试验,采用气相色谱-质谱法和三点比较式臭袋法分析了好氧发酵升温、高温和降温阶段产生的VOCs种类和浓度及臭气浓度。结果表明,蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵过程共检出34种VOCs,其中芳香烃类化合物11种、烷烃7种、含硫化合物4种、酮类4种、卤烃类化合物3种、醇类2种、酯类2种、醛类1种;发酵升温期臭气浓度最大,达72 443,而在降温期产生的VOCs种类最多为29;在联合好氧发酵过程中主要致臭物质为甲硫醚、二甲二硫醚、二硫化碳、NH3和H2S,羰基硫、乙醛和苯乙烯仅在高温期产生且浓度较高;根据嗅阈值比值大小与最大浓度,需重点监测和控制恶臭物质的顺序是二甲二硫醚H2SNH3甲硫醚。该研究结果为蔬菜废弃物与畜禽粪便联合好氧发酵过程中恶臭物质的监测和控制策略研究提供理论依据。     

进料浓度对玉米秸秆与牛粪全混式厌氧发酵特征影响研究

目前,中国大多数沼气工程均采用农作物秸秆与畜禽粪便为主要原料,但对于实际沼气工程的工艺控制,尤其是对于沼气工程进料混配及发酵浓度等控制工艺仍缺少参考和支撑。该研究采用玉米秸秆与牛粪原料,在中温条件下,利用纯牛粪、纯秸秆以及秸秆与牛粪干物质比(S:CM)=1:1、1:3、3:1条件的混合原料,按照不同干物质浓度(total solid,TS)=3%、6%、8%,梯次启动CSTR反应器,系统探讨物料配比与发酵浓度对反应器产气量、甲烷体积分数、pH值、氧化还原电位(oxidation-reductionpotential,ORP)、挥发酸(volatilefattyacids,VFAs)含量等运行特征的影响。结果表明,正常运行时,纯秸秆与纯牛粪条件下厌氧发酵产气效果显著低于混合原料,且所有条件下反应器的产气量基本都随着发酵浓度升高而升高。在发酵浓度为8%条件下,S:CM=3:1和1:1的反应器容积产气率在运行130和150 d后分别达到峰值0.78和0.76 L/(L·d)。随着反应器的持续运行,170 d后各反应器的产气率与pH值降低,而VFAs与ORP升高。S:CM=3:1和1:1的反应器容积产气率降低至0.6 L/(L·d),pH值降低至6.5左右。这主要是由于恒定的搅拌功率条件下,随着反应器内TS升高,搅拌转速降低,进而在反应器内产生搅拌死区与浮渣等问题,导致反应器内局部酸化,造成系统整体失稳。在启动期间,所有5个条件下反应器内ORP呈缓慢上升趋势。运行172 d后,S:CM=1:1条件下ORP迅速增加至高于–300 mV。总体而言,厌氧系统中VFA浓度随着进料中秸秆比例增加而增加,且丙酸积累发生并变得更加严重。这也在一定程度上表明,与采用秸秆与粪便混合原料厌氧发酵相比,采用纯秸秆原料厌氧发酵生产沼气厌氧反应器的运行稳定性较差。     

Wirkung verschiedener organischer Düngemittel auf die Effizienz der VA-Mykorrhiza

Effect of different organic manures on the efficiency of VA-mycorrhiza
Under greenhouse conditions, it was examined how different organic manures influence the efficiency of the VA-mycorrhiza Glomus macrocarpum cultivated with Capsicum annuum. The used organic manures: grassmulch, stablemanure as well as 3 different kinds of compost had been added in 5 stages of concentration: 50 , 100 , 150 , 200 and 300 dt/ha.
The mycorrhiza fungi inoculation caused greatest yield and P-uptake increase at the lowest organic manure addition. Higher amounts of all types of manures led to decreasing mycorrhiza efficiencies. This tendency was least pronounced with the grassmulch-variant. How fast this decrease took place was not only dependent on the nutrient contents of the manures. Further important factors of influence were the kind of starting-material, which was used at the compost preparation, and the fact whether the manures were mixed up rotten or not rotten.     

粉煤灰有机肥配施对苹果生长和果实品质的影响

为了加快粉煤灰的开发利用,减少粉煤灰对大气的污染,为果树生产提供优质肥料,该试验以15 a生'富士'苹果为试材,研究了粉煤灰与鸡粪不同配比、不同堆制方法对树体生长、果实品质的影响.结果表明,粉煤灰与鸡粪混合堆制腐熟的效果要好于鸡粪单独腐熟再与粉煤灰混合的效果;田间试验表明土壤中增施250～1 000 kg/667m2粉煤灰均能提高苹果叶片中叶绿素的含量,增加单叶重,增加果皮中花青苷含量,降低果实中可滴定酸的含量,对提高果实品质有明显的作用.考虑到重金属在土壤中的富集及长期使用,推荐施500 kg/667m2粉煤灰.     

模拟酸雨对施用猪粪的菜园土壤重金属有效性的影响

采用室内培养方法,研究了酸雨对施用富含重金属的猪粪后菜园土壤重金属有效态含量的影响。结果表明,酸雨可显著降低菜园土壤pH值,但有机肥处理对酸雨有一定的缓冲作用。土壤Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb的有效态含量均随酸雨处理H⁺浓度的提高而有不同程度的增加,有效态As含量则随H⁺浓度的提高而降低,添加猪粪处理（M）与无机重金属处理（HM）的重金属有效态含量没有明显的差异,但含量均高于对照（CK）。可见,除了As外,源于有机肥的重金属与无机重金属的有效性同样受到酸雨的促进作用,具有一定的环境风险。因此,在酸沉降频繁的南方地区,长期大量施用富含重金属的猪粪在改善菜园土壤养分状况的同时也增加了土壤环境和蔬菜的重金属污染的风险。     

水热碳化技术处理畜禽粪便的研究进展

水热碳化是一种实现废弃生物质高值化再利用的热化学转化技术,特别是针对含水率高的畜禽粪便处理,与其他碳化技术相比具有明显的优势,不仅能解决畜禽粪便随意堆积造成的环境污染问题,还能快速杀死致病微生物、获得高值生物炭产品,为实现畜禽养殖粪污减量化排放、资源化利用,推动乡村振兴、建设美丽乡村具有重要意义.文章基于畜禽粪便主要组...     

模拟酸雨对菜园土壤施用猪粪后重金属释放的影响

    采用平衡培养方法,研究模拟酸雨对菜园土壤施用富含重金属猪粪后重金属释放的影响结果表明,pH 36的模拟酸雨培养10 d可导致菜园土壤明显酸化,土壤溶液中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb等重金属浓度和累积释放量显著高于pH 56的对照溶液,其中Zn和Cd的差异尤为明显,As的情况则相反尽管施用富含重金属的猪粪能缓解土壤的酸化,但菜园土壤培养液中重金属浓度显著高于对照,尤其是Zn和Cd可见,在酸雨沉降频繁的地区大量施用富含重金属的畜禽粪便,将会增加重金属对蔬菜和生态环境污染的风险     

Influence of organic manures on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. in relation to tissue nutrients and soluble carbohydrate in roots under field conditions

 The interaction of plant nutrients, root-soluble carbohydrate availability and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was examined in field grown cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Plant nutrients were altered through application of farmyard (cow dung, sheep manure) and green (sunnhemp, pongamia) manures. Organic amendments increased plant growth, AM fungal colonization, soluble carbohydrate concentration in roots, and spore numbers. Percent total colonization, root length with vesicles and spore numbers in soil were negatively correlated with the concentration of soluble carbohydrates within roots, which in turn were related to tissue nutrient levels. However, a positive correlation existed between soluble carbohydrate concentrations within root and root length with arbuscules. But the mycorrhizal parameters were related more to plant nutrient level and their ratios, indicating that tissue nutrients have another level of control in addition to their effect on soluble carbohydrate concentration in roots. Increased AM colonization due to organic amendment significantly reduced nutrient imbalances. The strong relationship between colonization and root-soluble carbohydrate concentration levels validates the basic assumption that mycorrhizal fungi act as a 'strong sink' for photosynthates. This study indicates that the host influences AM colonization by regulating the formation of AM fungal structures and spore formation via availability of root carbohydrates. Received: 15 January 1999     

Organic Recycling for Soil Quality Conservation in a Sub-tropical Plateau Region

The long-term effect of organic recycling on some aspects of quality in a lowland rice soil of an Indian plateau region was studied. The experiment was set up at the agricultural experimental farm of the Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, Bihar, India. Two rice cultivars, and treatments with four organic supplements (cowdung manure, Leuceana leaves, decomposed farm residue and Sesbania ), chemical fertilizers (urea, superphosphate and muriate of potash) and no input were arranged in a factorial randomized block design. Organic supplements improved soil quality parameters such as water holding capacity, total organic C, microbial biomass C, urease and acid phosphatase activities of soils in comparison to chemical fertilizers and no input. Among the organic supplements, cowdung manure gave significantly higher organic C (1.39%), microbial biomass C (276.46 μg g⁻¹ dry soil), urease activity (32.79 and 21.22 μg urea hydrolized g⁻¹ dry soil h⁻¹ at 37 °C by the buffer and non-buffer method, respectively) and acid phosphatase activity (1.99 μmol p-nitrophenol released g⁻¹ dry soil h⁻¹ at 37 °C) than the others. The conversion of organic C into biomass C (2.46%) was highest in Leuceana -treated soil.