水利工程与岩土环境工程的相关关系

水利工程建设势必会打破原有自然环境的平衡状态,扰乱工程区域的平衡系统,使原有稳定的区域地质构造环境处于新的活动期,引起岩土环境稳定问题。通过对水利工程与环境效益水利工程与不利因素等方面相关关系的分析,建议对岩土环境工程应做深入细致的调查研究工作,做到心中有数,在设计、施工和管理过程中,尽可能克服不利影响因素,扩大工作的环境效益。     

Voluntary environmental initiatives: ISO14001 certified organisations in Singapore

The value of environmental regulation through command and control measures has been questioned because of inflexibility and high cost. Voluntary environmental initiatives have been proposed as an alternative approach to save costs, overcome problems of inadequate enforcement and monitoring and to take advantage of the environmental leadership of transnational corporations (TNCs). Amongst voluntary environmental initiatives certified environmental management system standards have so far had most impact in Singapore and the rest of Southeast Asia. This paper investigates the environmental policy statements of 52 ISO14001 certified organisations in Singapore and shows that the environmental commitments being made are no substitute for traditional environmental regulations.     

Effects of temperature, irradiance, salinity and inorganic nitrogen concentration on coral zooxanthellae in culture

SUMMARY: Effects of temperature, irradiation, salinity and inorganic nitrogen concentration on two cultured strains of zooxanthellae isolated from the corals Pocillopora damicornis (strain P) and Montipora verrucosa (strain M) were studied. Each strain showed different growth responses in terms of temperature and light intensity. A maximum growth rate of strain P, 1.2 per day, was observed at 32°C under all light intensities examined (5–40 μEm⁻²s⁻¹). However, its photosystem 2 activity (FRI) was higher at 28°C than at 32°C under most light intensities. In contrast, the growth rate of strain M was affected more by light intensity and was almost invariably affected at all temperatures examined (24–36°C). Both algal strains had a comparable growth rate and FRI at salinities from 20 to 35 PSU under moderate temperature and irradiant conditions. High temperature and low irradiation reduced the algal tolerance against low salinity. The gross photosynthesis per cell was not affected by the ammonium enrichment more than 5 μM per day although the cellular chlorophyll a content and cell density increased in proportion with the ammonium enrichment up to 20 μM per day. A potential response of zooxanthellae to the multiple environmental stresses was shown from these results.     

Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, recruitment in the Bering Sea and north-east Pacific Ocean, II: relationships to environmental variables and implications for forecasting

Previous studies have shown that Pacific herring populations in the Bering Sea and north-east Pacific Ocean can be grouped based on similar recruitment time series. The scale of these groups suggests large-scale influence on recruitment fluctuations from the environment. Recruitment time series from 14 populations were analysed to determine links to various environmental variables and to develop recruitment forecasting models using a Ricker-type environmentally dependent spawner–recruit model. The environmental variables used for this investigation included monthly time series of the following: southern oscillation index, North Pacific pressure index, sea surface temperatures, air temperatures, coastal upwelling indices, Bering Sea wind, Bering Sea ice cover, and Bering Sea bottom temperatures. Exploratory correlation analysis was used for focusing the time period examined for each environmental variable. Candidate models for forecasting herring recruitment were selected by the ordinary and recent cross-validation prediction errors. Results indicated that forecasting models using air and sea surface temperature data lagged to the year of spawning generally produced the best forecasting models. Multiple environmental variables showed marked improvements in prediction over single-environmental-variable models.     

树木提取液抑制白蚁的效能试验

通过26种树木的不同提取液室内制剂筛选试验,从中筛选出灭蚁活性较强的树木提取液,分别配制9种单剂,在小型试验基础上优选配方,结合植物资源等因素,研制成环保型灭白蚁粉剂。用该粉剂在厦门、福州的公园中进行防治树木白蚁的药效试验,结果表明:处理后10 d的防效为76%~100%,处理后20 d的防效为81%~100%,处理后30 d的防效为100%,并且施药9个月后检查仍能持效。     

中国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准体系现状与展望

农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准是农业转基因生物安全管理必不可少的技术保障.截至2021年1月,农业部/农业农村部共发布了农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准47项.本文对我国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准体系现状进行初步总结,对国内外农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的发展现状进行比较,探讨了今后一段时间内农业转基因生物环境安全...     

大渡河乐山段2013-2016年浮游动物群落特征变化

为了解大渡河沙湾至乐山段安谷水电站建设过程中浮游动物群落变化,于施工期2013-2014年和运行期2015-2016年的每年春、秋两季对主河道、左侧河网及支流浮游动物群落进行监测。结果显示,2013-2016年调查共鉴定出浮游动物263种,优势种为12种属,旋轮虫属(Philodina)为施工期、运行期共有优势种属。浮游动物平均密度为658.55个/L,平均生物量为0.1102 mg/L;施工期和运行期浮游动物密度和生物量差异不显著,春季平均密度最高值出现在2014年(621.15个/L),秋季平均密度最高值出现在2015年(674.19个/L),2013年春、秋季的生物量均为最高(0.1324 mg/L、0.1070 mg/L),浮游动物密度和生物量在季节分布上差异不大。在空间分布上,支流高于主河道、左侧河网、岷江。施工期、运行期浮游动物密度、生物量与环境因子溶解氧(DO)、流速(V)呈负相关,与水温(WT)、氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)、硝氮(NO₃^--N)、总氮(TN)、磷酸盐(H₃     

日光温室种植环境对葡萄液流特征的影响

为了探究我国东北地区日光温室种植条件下葡萄的液流特性及主要影响因素，对温室主棚（保温）与副棚（无保温措施）葡萄全生育期液流、生长指标及环境指标进行动态监测和系统分析。结果表明：（1）温室主棚与副棚葡萄液流的日内变化呈现单峰或多峰变化趋势，峰值出现在12∶00左右，液流基本停止时间为21∶00，夜间仍有微弱液流产生。不同月份液流强度不同，8月份液流速率最大，其次为6、10月。（2）全生育期下，主棚内相对液流速率（SF_R）主要受光能驱动的影响，光合有效辐射（PAR）是其主要影响因子，副棚的相对液流速率主要受到光能驱动和气孔导度的综合影响，饱和水汽压亏缺（VPD）和PAR均是其主要影响因子。气象因子与SF_R响应呈现明显的时间变异性，其中8月份SF_R与环境因子的相关性最为密切。（3）主棚的相对液流与影响因子的决定系数均大于副棚，且双因子组合模型预测精度高于单因素。（4）不同种植环境下葡萄的夜间液流有一定的占比，主棚的夜间液流占比略小于副棚的夜间液流占比，随着生育期的推进，葡萄植株夜间液流占比呈现先减小后增大的趋势。     

陕西省粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益

【目的】农户经营是我国农业的主体,肥料资源的不合理应用是限制作物生产的重要因子。本研究旨在评估主产区农户粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益。【方法】2018年对陕西省各县（市、区）的主要农作物生产情况进行问卷调查,以三大粮食作物为研究对象,基于产量水平评价农户的施肥现状、减肥潜力、环境代价和经济效益。【结果】农户作物产量存在显著差异,小麦平均产量为4 573 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差2 619 kg·hm^-2;玉米平均产量为7 319 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差5 388 kg·hm^-2;水稻平均产量为8 340 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差2 893 kg·hm^-2。小麦的氮磷钾肥用量分别为177 kg N·hm^-2、102 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和37 kg K₂O·hm^-2;玉米分别为247 kg N·hm^-2、103 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和47 kg K₂O·hm^-2;水稻分别为186 kg N·hm^-2、88 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和64 kg K₂O·hm^-2。3种作物产量与施肥量无显著相关。氮磷肥普遍过量施用、钾肥过量与不足并存,低产农户过量施肥问题严重。对于氮磷钾肥的减施潜力,小麦分别为41%、59%和59%;玉米分别为55%、73%和66%;水稻分别为38%、64%和58%。施用的肥料形态均表现氮以单质肥为主、复合肥为辅;磷钾以复合肥为主;有机肥养分供应量很低。肥料结构均表现为重基施轻追施,氮以基施为主、追施为辅;磷钾肥鲜有追施。生产1.0 t小麦、玉米和水稻的活性氮损失量分别为6.9、3.8和3.3 kg,低产组的活性氮损失强度比高产组分别高52%、85%和74%,降低损失的潜力分别介于16%—33%、31%—50%和4%—38%。小麦、玉米和水稻生产的经济效益分别为4 468、9 091和20 020 元/hm²,高产组比低产组分别高459%、128%和52%;减肥增效后总效益分别为4 919、9 905和20 543 元/hm²,高产组比低产组分别高290%、106%和48%。【结论】基于产量水平深入剖析了陕西省农户的生产行为,低中产组为化肥减量和收益提升的重点。农户氮磷钾肥减施潜力分别为45%、65%和61%;小麦、玉米和水稻因化肥减施而降低活性氮损失的潜力分别为26%、45%和18%;提高环境经济效益的潜力分别为10%、9%和3%。     

粤东农林交错区苔藓植物与生境的关联及指示种

苔藓植物作为最原始的高等植物，个体矮小，常呈大片垫状丛状群落，对环境变化极为敏感。为探讨亚热带森林地表苔藓植物与多种生境梯度的关联以及苔藓植物在不同生境中的指示作用，基于广东省东源县康禾省级自然保护区6 hm2固定样地调查数据，采用随机森林分析方法，检验不同生境因子对苔藓植物影响的重要性，利用指示种分析方法揭示不同生境梯度下的苔藓植物指示种。结果表明：凹凸度和潜在直射光入射辐射对苔类植物和藓类植物的盖度、丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数的预测变量重要性均较高，说明凹凸度和潜在直射光入射辐射对苔藓植物的影响较大，是限制苔藓植物生长的重要环境因子。坡度、海拔高度等生境因子也对苔藓植物多样性指数具有不同程度的影响，说明苔藓植物多样性格局并不是受单一因素的影响，而是多个因素共同作用的结果。指示种分析发现，不同生境梯度下的苔藓植物指示种存在差异，有的苔藓植物能够同时指示不同的生境条件。东亚拟鳞叶藓（Pseudotaxiphyllum pohliaecarpum）对第2级海拔梯度、第3坡度级和第1凹凸度级均具有显著指示作用，能够适应3种不同的生境，生态幅较广；淡叶长喙藓（Rhynchostegium pallidifolium）对第1海拔梯度、阳坡和第2凹凸度级均具有显著指示作用，生态幅较高，适应性较强。