人凝血酶原复合物提取及纯化工艺的研究

[目的]确定血浆中人凝血酶原复合物提取及纯化的最佳工艺条件。[方法]以人血浆为原料,凝血酶原复合物的吸附率和回收率为评价指标,采用单因素试验及正交试验对提取和纯化条件进行优选。[结果]最佳工艺为:选用pH值为7.0的DEAE-Sephadex A50凝胶从人血浆中提取人凝血酶原复合物,吸附50 min时,凝胶对凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ的吸附率可达84.0%、86.5%、85.7%和78.0%;采用NaCl浓度为0.1 mol/L、pH值为7.2的洗涤液洗涤吸附后的凝胶5次,然后用NaCl浓度为2.0 mol/L的洗脱液洗脱3次,对凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ的回收率可达84.9%、76.4%、82.8%和78.7%。[结论]该工艺合理、可行,适合人凝血酶原复合物的工业化生产。     

大豆疫霉菌对大豆下胚轴侵染过程的细胞学研究

 接种后1.5~24h,用光镜和电镜研究了2个大豆品种与大豆疫霉菌Ps411的亲和性和非亲和性互作。观察结果表明,大豆疫霉菌对大豆下胚轴的侵染过程可分为侵入前、侵入、皮层组织中的扩展和进入维管束组织4个连续阶段。大豆下胚轴接种后在25℃保湿培养,1.5h后游动孢子即形成休止孢并萌发产生附着孢,3h后侵入表皮细胞,6h后进入皮层组织,24h后进入维管束组织。病原菌主要以侵染菌丝直接侵入表皮,表皮细胞间隙是主要侵入部位。皮层细胞是病原菌定殖和发展的主要场所,胞间菌丝侵入皮层细胞并形成吸器。在菌丝与寄主细胞接触部位的寄主细胞壁与质膜之间常有胞壁沉积物的形成。在抗病品种上病菌的侵染事件与感病品种基本一致,但不能形成正常的吸器,胞壁沉积物明显多于感病品种,菌丝在寄主组织内的扩展明显受到抑制。利用β-1,3-葡聚糖免疫金标记单克隆抗体进行的免疫细胞化学的研究表明,胞壁沉积物内含有大量的β-1,3-葡聚糖,在大豆疫霉菌菌丝壁中也存在β-1,3-葡聚糖。以上结果表明,病原菌的侵染可诱导抗病寄主细胞内β-1,3-葡聚糖迅速的合成与积累、并形成胞壁沉积物,以抵御病菌的侵染与扩展。     

小菜蛾弯尾姬蜂室内批量繁殖的技术

报道小菜蛾弯尾姬蜂室内批量繁殖工艺技术。实验室温度：20℃－25℃，光照：L：D12：12，相对温度：65％－70％，40m^2温室面积用于栽培甘蓝。在此条件下，每周可生产2000头－3000头小菜蛾弯尾姬蜂，可田间释放寄生蜂防治小菜蛾15亩－20亩。     

水稻主要病虫综合治理效益评估方法

水稻主要稻虫综合治理是一个多输入输出的管理系统，作者层次法引入水稻病虫综合防治效益评估研究。采用专家咨询、数学分析等手段建立了水稻病虫综合防治效益评估层次模型，对总目标、亚目标、准则，指层要的权重值进行科学评估，并对指标层各个要素建立定量化方法，从而建立了一整套综合防治效益定量评估方法，通过对４个综合防治点１９９２－１９９３年早、晚委的综合防治总体效益进行评估，评估结果基本客观地反映了当前水稻ＩＥ     

天津市农产品加工业发展总体现状与方向

通过对大量统计资料和典型调查的系统分析,对天津农产品加工业的发展状况进行了深入的系统研究,分析了发展的特点、差距和问题,指出了天津农产品加工业发展的 10个方向     

论草地退化

在总结草地退化概念的基础上,从草地退化的成因,退化的表现形式和学科角度3个方面剖析了草地退化的内涵;将草地退化过程概括为量变阶段,量变与质变交互阶段和质变阶段3个时期,并阐述了每一退化过程的主要特征;以新疆为例,提出治理退化草地应首先对草地退化阶段进行科学诊断,以生态置换工程为依托,从落实转变思想观念、整合资源等方面从根本上遏止退化源,进而从补偿制度、农牧区畜牧业联营政策及人口政策等方面进行调控,从而推进退化草地治理的进程,达到草地资源的可持续发展。     

和谐社会构建过程中的民主政治建设

现代民主政治作为人类政治智慧的结晶和现代文明的标志对和谐社会的构建意义重大。民主政治是程序政治、透明政治、宽容政治、法治政治。它为和谐社会提供了必须的制度基础。改革开放以来，社会主义民主政治建设取得了巨大成就，但在构建和谐社会的今天仍然存在一些问题。我们要把握好解决问题的着眼点，找到解决问题的有效路径。在和谐社会的构建过程中发挥民主政治的重要作用，使民主政治与和谐社会相得益彰。     

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED Exergy as an ecological application used in the recovery process of benthic communities

Exergy, the thermodynamic function that represents the distance of an open system from equilibrium, is proposed as an ecological indicator for summarizing the complex dynamics occurring in a disturbed community during its recovery processes. These complex dynamics can be difficult to capture by using classical indices. In this study, we sampled macrobenthos using the BACI scheme (before versus after; control versus impact) in tidal wetlands of west Chongming Island, China, an area that has been disturbed by ecological engineering measures. Exergy storage is estimated for benthic communities. The control area is proposed as dynamic reference for estimating local exergy storage of the benthic community. Three different methods were used for estimating exergy on the basis of coefficients: (a) taken for taxa groups; (b) estimated from coding genes given for broad taxonomic groups; and (c) estimated from genome size taken as close as possible to the taxonomic level of the species, providing a basis for inferring similarities. We found a decrease of local exergy content in the disturbed area 9 days after the disturbance. Subsequently, the reference exergy of the benthic community increased (i.e. in the surrounding control area) in accordance with the proposed hypothesis regarding the dynamics of exergy storage during a system's development. Estimates of local exergy arrived at using the three methods provided comparable results. Based on this, we then discuss the feasibility of using the more readily available genome size data for estimating exergy. This result may have important implications for broader application of this indicator to biological systems. Moreover, the adjacent control samples seem to represent an appropriate dynamic reference for estimating the local exergy of disturbed communities. We found that exergy was a useful indicator that integrates the processes underlying the recovery of the benthic community after disturbance.     

Botryosphaeria dothidea在苹果果实上的侵染过程(英文)

对Botryosphaeria dothidea通过皮孔侵入果实的过程进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,发现接种后2d分生孢子完成萌发和附着胞形成过程。接种后10d,菌丝体在皮孔表面缓慢生长。从20￣30d菌丝体加速扩展并形成几个分枝,通常从皮孔外围侵入果实,但仅限于皮孔表面组织。从40～50d,菌丝体扩展更为繁茂,一些菌丝开始突入皮孔的第2层组织。接种皮孔中可检测到多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG),但活性比对照高。皮孔有3层,第1层为含果胶的死组织,易被病菌侵染降解,底部的第3层非常坚固,是阻止病菌侵染的有效屏障。随果实发育,皮孔大小、数目和裂口均有规律地增加。我们的研究结果进一步证实了苹果轮纹病的潜伏侵染特性。     

Neutral models for testing landscape hypotheses

Neutral landscape models were originally developed to test the hypothesis that human-induced fragmentation produces patterns distinctly different from those associated with random processes. Other uses for neutral models have become apparent, including the development and testing of landscape metrics to characterize landscape pattern. Although metric development proved to be significant, the focus on metrics obscured the need for iterative hypothesis testing fundamental to the advancement of the discipline. We present here an example of an alternative neutral model and hypothesis designed to relate the process of landscape change to observed landscape patterns. The methods and program, QRULE, are described and options for statistical testing outlined. The results show that human fragmentation of landscapes results in a non-random association of land-cover types that can be describe by simple statistical methods. Options for additional landscape studies are discussed and access to QRULE described in the hope that these methods will be employed to advance our understanding of the processes that affect the structure and function in human dominated landscapes.