江西野生毛花猕猴桃群体SSR遗传多样性研究

为分析江西野生毛花猕猴桃群体遗传多样性,以江西省境内的5个野生毛花猕猴桃雄性群体(72个个体)为试验材料,采用SSR分子标记技术,选取15对多态性引物,利用聚丙烯酰胺电泳对PCR产物进行检测。结果表明,15对SSR引物共检测到86个位点,多态性位点百分率为100.0%;观察到的平均等位基因数为5.733,有效等位基因数为3.002,Shannon信息指数为1.046。表观杂合度介于0.111~0.819之间,预期杂合度介于0.041~0.876之间,遗传分化系数为2.01,野生毛花猕猴桃雄性群体间存在较大的遗传分化。5个毛花猕猴桃雄性群体遗传距离范围为0.102~0.409,遗传相似度范围为0.665~0.903,群体间遗传距离与地理距离无相关性。群体的遗传多样性丰富度依次为庐山>井冈山>南源山>武功山>麻姑山,江西地区供试的野生毛花猕猴桃雄性群体在分子水平上具有丰富的多态性。本研究结果为毛花猕猴桃雄性品种选育、种质创新与利用提供了一定的理论基础。     

接骨木种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

运用ISSR分子标记对24份接骨木属植物的遗传距离、亲缘关系进行分析。13条ISSR引物共扩增出3061条可统计条带,其中多态性条带3059个,多态位点百分率高达99.93%,表明接骨木属植物遗传多样性非常丰富。依据ISSR扩增结果,利用NTSYS-pc2.1e软件进行分析,24份接骨木样本的遗传相似系数在0.6772~0.8578。经UPGMA聚类分析,24份接骨木属植物分为2大类,国内接骨木优良单株聚类分析结果与其果实性状的相关性不显著;“金羽”接骨木与国内接骨木聚为一类,亲缘关系较近。     

2009-2018年谢家店震后滑坡体植被恢复研究

自"5·12"特大地震以来,银厂沟谢家店滑坡体至今已形成10年,10年间研究小组运用样方法在滑坡体上设立了9个样地,调查样地植物物种的生长状况,并对样地植物群落结构、植物优势种、植物多样性进行了数据研究分析,研究结果如下:（1）2009-2018年滑坡体植物总种数由53种增加到92种,其中乔木由0种增加到12种,灌木由4种增加到38种,草本先从49种增加到65种,再减少到42种,植物群落由以草本为主的单一结构向完善的乔灌草结构转变,植物物种恢复显著。（2）在植被恢复期间,植物群落优势种类型经历由早期毛葡萄-醉鱼草,到植被恢复初期桤木-灰白毛莓-木贼,再到植被恢复后期桤木-腊莲绣球-芒萁的植物演替变化过程。（3）经过10年的恢复,在总体上Margalef丰富度指数Ma由2.80上升到6.06;Shannon-Wiener指数H’由2.18上升到3.13;Simpson指数D由0.88上升到0.93;Pielou均匀度指数E由0.13上升到0.93,植物多样性逐年上升。研究揭示了震后10年来滑坡体植物物种、植物群落结构、植物多样性在恢复过程中的特征与变化,为震后植被恢复的相关研究以及水土保持工作的开展提供参考与借鉴。     

日照地区湿地生物多样性及保护利用研究

主要介绍了日照市湿地资源概况,分析了湿地植物、动物资源等的生物多样性特征,探讨了湿地发展面临的问题,并提出了相应的保护对策,以期为日照湿地生物多样性的保护和可持续利用提供基础参考。     

南京市仙林大学城冬季鸟类多样性初步调查——以文澜路3所高校为例

物种多样性已成为评估一个地区生态环境质量优劣的主要标准。2017年11月—2018年1月,采用样线法对南京森林警察学院、南京师范大学、南京财经大学3所高校的仙林校区开展了鸟类资源调查。共记录鸟类20种,其中南京森林警察学院仙林校区鸟类12种,隶属3目10科,其中留鸟11种,鸟类区系以古北界为主;南京师范大学仙林校区鸟类17种,隶属5目13科,留鸟14种,以广布种为主;南京财经大学仙林校区鸟类16种,隶属4目11科,留鸟13种,以广布种为主。3所校区鸟类组成兼具古北界和东洋界成分,以古北种占优势,广布种比例也较高。由SPSS分析结果知,南京师范大学和南京财经大学校区的鸟类物种多样性指数在乔木林、灌丛、草丛、水域和建筑区均高于南京森林警察学院校区。对比鸟类均匀性指数,南京师范大学在乔木林、水域和建筑区最高,南京森林警察学院则在灌丛和草丛环境最高。     

荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种对杨树根际土壤酶活性及微生物多样性的影响

【目的】探究荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种条件下NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性的变化,从微生态水平揭示溶磷细菌与外生菌根真菌互作对NL-895杨的促生机制。【方法】采用盆栽试验考察荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1与红绒盖牛肝菌(Xc)共接种后NL-895杨根际土壤酶(酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和转化酶)的活性变化,并通过BIOLOG微孔板法分析共接种对NL-895杨根际土壤微生物群落和功能多样性的影响。【结果】从整体趋势来看,不同接种处理后NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性均有所增强,土壤酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和转化酶活性均大于对照,其中,共接种JW-JS1+Xc处理对土壤酸性磷酸酶和转化酶活性的促进最为明显;接种150天后,不同接种处理土壤微生物的AWCD值均高于CK(培养24～48 h除外),且随着培养时间的延长呈先上升后稳定的趋势;培养96 h后,共接种JW-JS1+Xc处理土壤微生物McIntosh优势度指数和碳源利用丰富度指数显著高于单接种Xc或JW-JS1和CK(P<0.05),而Shannon丰富度指数和Simpson优势度指数显著低于单接种Xc或JW-JS1和CK(P<0.05);不同接种处理NL-895杨根际土壤微生物对BIOLOG微孔板中6大类碳源的利用能力差异显著(P<0.05)。【结论】荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1与外生菌根真菌Xc共接种对NL-895杨根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性的提高具有一定的促进作用,有利于其土壤肥力的改善,进而促进NL-895杨的生长。与单接种相比,溶磷细菌与外生菌根真菌共接种可更有效地提高杨树根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物多样性。     

人为干扰对西天山野果林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

[目的]探究人为干扰对西天山野果林群落结构和物种多样性的影响,为后期野果林的恢复、保护提供理论依据。[方法]以西天山野果林为研究对象,采用典型样地法,选择32个20 m×20 m具代表性的样地布置样方。以乔木径级结构、高度级结构及各层次物种组成和物种多样性指数作为评价指标,对比研究轻度(距离核心景区2～3 km)、中度(距离核心景区1～2 km)、重度(距离核心景区0～1 km)3种人为干扰强度下群落结构和物种多样性的变化。[结果]①从群落结构来看,轻度和中度干扰条件下乔木个体多分布在中径级(20 cmDBH≤30 cm)和中高度级(5 m树高≤8 m);而重度干扰下乔木个体多分布在小径级(10 cmDBH≤15 cm)、中径级(20 cmDBH≤25 cm)和高高度级(8 m树高≤10 m),其群落结构与轻度和中度干扰下乔木层的群落结构明显不同。②在总面积为1.28 hm~2的32个样地中,共记录到93个植物物种,隶属于40科84属;物种数随着人为干扰强度增加呈递减趋势,轻度、中度和重度干扰下群落的物种数依次为93种、69种和51种。Shannon-Wiener指数H值、均匀度指数J值随人为干扰强度的增加而降低,优势度指数H’值随人为干扰强度的增加而增加。[结论]重度人为干扰会普遍降低野果林群落的物种多样性水平,造成群落结构不稳定,不利于植被恢复和物种多样性保护。     

复垦年限及植被模式对煤矿复垦土壤微生物多样性的影响

了解露天煤矿区复垦状况及其对土壤微生物的影响机制,对于估算受损生态系统的恢复程度至关重要。该文以采用多种模式复垦的安太堡露天煤矿为研究区域,通过野外调查与采样分析,借助于Biolog EcoPlatesTM方法对复垦区和原地貌(对照)表层土壤中的微生物功能多样性状况进行了探索,评价了复垦年限和复垦植被模式对土壤微生物特征的恢复效应;并从土壤物理化学性质(土壤容重、pH值、土壤有机碳、总氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾)和生物性质(土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮)中筛选可反映土壤微生物功能多样性变化的代表性指示物质。结果表明:1)露天煤矿复垦年限和复垦植被模式均对土壤微生物的功能多样性有明显影响。复垦年限越长的样地中土壤微生物有较高的活性和均匀度,但丰富度较低;若样地的复垦年限较长,复垦植物种植模式对土壤微生物多样性的作用强于复垦时长对其的影响。2)从土壤微生物多样性恢复层面分析,单一植物复垦配置的优化次序为杏树、榆树和柠条,混交林配置较优的选择为柠条×刺槐。3)土壤微生物生物量碳的含量与土壤微生物功能多样性指标Shannon-Wiener指数(ρ=–0.69,P0.01)和McIntosh指数(ρ=–0.69,P0.05)显著负相关,在一定程度上可作为复垦区生物多样性指示物质。研究成果将为露天煤矿及其所在区域的生态恢复、治理和监测提供参考。     

黔中地区马尾松杜鹃群落杜鹃根围真菌多样性

选取黔中地区的贵阳市乌当区百宜乡(WD)、花溪区孟关(MG)和贵州省黔南龙里县龙架山森林公园(LL)3个地区的马尾松-杜鹃群落为研究对象,采集杜鹃根围土壤进行高通量测序,分析物种多样性,并通过数量生态学原理分析植物群落物种α多样性及土壤养分对真菌群落的影响.结果表明:从杜鹃的根围土壤中获得有效序列505 444条,隶属于9门23纲84目169科296属真菌(3 435 OTU),其中LL有真菌9门19纲53目90科127属(495 OTU)、 WD有8门21纲78目150科246属(1 076 OTU)、 MG有6门17纲55目99科129属(522 OTU).菌群α多样性分析显示, Chao1,ACE,Shannon指数均表现为WD大于MG和LL.菌群群落结构受生境植物多样性、土壤养分的综合作用,土壤有机质、 pH值以及速效磷、速效氮、全氮含量较大程度解释了真菌对土壤养分变化的响应.     

Microbial composition and diversity of an upland red soil under long-term fertilization treatments as revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches

Background, aim, and scope  Fertilization is an important agricultural practice for increasing crop yields. In order to maintain the soil sustainability, it is important to monitor the effects of fertilizer applications on the shifts of soil microorganisms, which control the cycling of many nutrients in the soil. Here, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to analyze the soil bacterial and fungal quantities and community structure under seven fertilization treatments, including Control, Manure, Return (harvested peanut straw was returned to the plot), and chemical fertilizers of NPK, NP, NK, and PK. The objective of this study was to examine the effects on soil microbial composition and diversity of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer regimes in a Chinese upland red soil. Materials and methods  Soil samples were collected from a long-term experiment station at Yingtan (28°15′N, 116°55′E), Jiangxi Province of China. The soil samples (0–20 cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined as colony forming units (CFUs) and selected colonies were identified on agar plates by dilution plate methods. Moreover, soil DNAs were extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 18S rRNA genes were polymerase chain reaction amplified, and then analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, and sequencing. Results  The organic fertilizers, especially manure, induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs, but the highest bacterial diversity ascertained by DGGE banding patterns. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, had less effect on the bacterial composition and diversity, with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. For the fungal community, the manure treatment had the largest CFUs but much fewer DGGE bands, also with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. The conventional identification of representative bacterial and fungal genera showed that long-term fertilization treatments resulted in differences in soil microbial composition and diversity. In particular, 42.4% of the identified bacterial isolates were classified into members of Arthrobacter. For fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor were the most prevalent three genera, which accounted for 46.6% of the total identified fungi. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Discussion  It was evident that more representative fungal genera appeared in organic treatments than other treatments, indicating that culturable fungi were more sensitive to organic than to chemical fertilizers. A very notable finding was that fungal CFUs appeared maximal in organic manure treatments. This was quite different from the bacterial CFUs in the manure, indicating that bacteria and fungi responded differently to the fertilization. Similar to bacteria, the minimum fungal CFUs were also observed in the NK treatment. This result provided evidence that phosphorus could be a key factor for microorganisms in the soil. Thus, despite the fact that culture-dependent techniques are not ideal for studies of the composition of natural microbial communities when used alone, they provide one of the more useful means of understanding the growth habit, development, and potential function of microorganisms from soil habitats. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches is likely to reveal more complete information regarding the composition of soil microbial communities. Conclusions  Long-term fertilization had great effects on the soil bacterial and fungal communities. Organic fertilizer applications induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs but the highest bacterial diversity, while chemical fertilizer applications had less impact on soil bacterial community. The largest fungal CFUs were obtained, but much lower diversity was detected in the manure treatment. The lowest bacterial and also fungal CFUs were observed in the NK treatment. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Phosphorus fertilizer could be considered as a key factor to control the microbial CFUs and diversity in this Chinese upland red soil. Recommendations and perspectives  Soil fungi seem to be a more sensitive indicator of soil fertility than soil bacteria. Since the major limitation of molecular methods in soil microbial studies is the lack of discrimination between the living and dead, or active and dormant microorganisms, both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods should be used to appropriately characterize soil microbial diversity.