黄土区大型露天煤矿复垦24a土壤碳氮组分特征

研究大型露天煤矿典型植被恢复模式下土壤碳、氮组分特征,为深入理解露天煤矿高压实复垦土壤碳、氮固持过程及复垦土壤成土过程提供依据。以黄土区典型露天煤矿—平朔露天煤矿的复垦24a的刺槐-油松混交林(RP)、刺槐纯林(RM)、白杆-青杆-沙棘混交林(PPH)、沙棘纯林(HM)4种典型植被恢复模式样地及未复垦样地(UR)、原地貌样地(UD)为研究对象,采集0～20 cm表层土壤样品,分析土壤碳、氮组分特征。结果表明:1)经过24a演替,复垦土壤理化性质得到明显提高,但各样地间土壤理化性质明显显著。2)同UR样地相比,RP、RM和PPH样地的土壤有机碳含量分别提高594.03%、158.66%、99.25%;RP和PPH样地的微生物生物量碳则分别提高174.68%、209.34%;RP和HM样地的水溶性碳分别提高110.13%、82.99%;RP、RM样地的易氧化碳含量则分别为UR样地的35.55倍和7倍。3)与UR样地相比,RP、RM、PPH、HM样地的土壤全氮含量分别提高413.24%、250.00%、100%和82.35%;RP、PPH、HM样地的水溶性氮含量分别提高206.33%、153.02%、99.95%;PPH样地的微生物生物量氮含量提高368.07%。4)复垦土壤碳、氮组分之间呈现正相关关系,但与全钾呈现显著负相关(P0.05)。上述结果表明,土地复垦显著提高了土壤碳、氮组分含量,尤以刺槐-油松混交林效果较好,但复垦24a后,矿区土壤可能存在钾限制的现象。     

植被复垦对露天煤矿排土场土壤化学及生物学特性的影响

为探讨农牧交错带煤矿排土场不同植被复垦模式对土壤肥力的影响,以黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场不同植被类型(山杏+苜蓿(A1)、杨树+苜蓿(A2)、杨树+沙棘(A3)、杨树+披肩草+苜蓿(A4)、未复垦(CK))土壤为研究对象,通过简单相关分析和通径分析研究浅层(0—20cm)土壤化学性质和酶活性与土壤微生物量间的相关关系,揭示不同植被复垦下土壤微生物量差异的驱动因子,并采用土壤恢复指数(RI)评价不同植被复垦对露天煤矿排土场土壤质量的影响。结果表明:(1)与未复垦(CK)相比,不同植被复垦样地土壤有机质含量、碱解氮含量、土壤酶活性和微生物量均显著增加(p<0.05),但pH无明显变化规律且差异不显著(p>0.05),并且0—10cm明显高于10—20cm土层。(2)土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤酶活性和有机质含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系,与pH和有效磷含量则均未表现出相关性。由于土壤微生物量碳和氮对有机质含量和蔗糖酶活性变化比较敏感,因此对土壤性质变化具有指示作用。(3)不同植被复垦土壤恢复指数在0—10,10—20cm土层分别表现为A3>A2>A4>A1和A3>A2>A1>A4。因此,杨树+沙棘(A3)和杨树+苜蓿(A2)复垦方式对矿区排土场土壤质量的改善较好。     

不同复垦模式及复垦年限对土壤微生物的影响

为了研究不同复垦年限及复垦植被模式对复垦土壤生物肥力的影响,通过野外调查和采样分析,对平朔安太堡露天煤矿不同复垦年限及复垦植被模式下和原地貌（对照）土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌3种微生物的数量及变化进行了研究。结果表明：1）从微生物总数来看,随着复垦年限的增加,微生物总数呈增加的趋势,复垦13a的土壤微生物总数达到了624.35×105～1 448.19×105 cfu/g,平均可达1 183.01×105 cfu/g（除自燃地外）,最高的和原地貌已相当。2）在不同复垦年限及复垦模式复垦地0～20 cm表层土壤微生物三大类区系组成中,细菌数量占绝对优势（95%以上）,放线菌数量次之,真菌数量最少。3）不同复垦植被配置方式对复垦土壤微生物数量的增加作用不同。在同一地点不同复垦模式复垦7 a的土壤中微生物数量的变化趋势是紫穗槐＞沙枣＞沙棘。不同复垦模式复垦13 a,从微生物角度评价它们的生态效益是：云杉×油松×落叶松＞刺槐×油松×榆树＞刺槐×柠条＞冰草×刺槐×柠条。4）从土壤微生物与复垦土壤养分的相关系数来看,细菌数量和微生物总数与土壤有机质、碱解氮含量呈显著正相关。     

宁夏黄土丘陵区植被恢复对土壤养分和微生物生物量的影响

本研究以宁夏固原天然草地、农地、撂荒地和不同年限的柠条林地为研究对象,分析了不同植被类型下土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的变化。研究结果表明:土壤养分除速效磷和全氮外,其他指标均为农地最低,撂荒地次之,并且随植被恢复年限的增加而增加;不同植被类型条件下,土壤微生物生物量有显著差异,微生物量碳含量表现为撂荒地农地天然草地3年柠条林地13年柠条林地23年柠条林地,微生物量氮以天然草地最低,农地、撂荒地和不同年限柠条林地较大,不同植被类型土壤微生物量磷差异显著,在5~20cm土层和20~40cm土壤中表现尤为突出。土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷与植被类型和植被恢复年限关系密切。柠条林对土壤微生物生物量有明显促进作用,并且随着植被恢复年限的增加改良效果越显著。     

露天煤矿区复垦土壤碳库研究进展

土壤是地球陆地生态系统中碳的重要贮藏库。露天煤矿区既是"碳源",也是"碳汇",研究其土壤碳的变化对区域碳平衡具有重要意义。本文梳理了当前世界范围内对露天煤矿区土壤碳库的构成、土壤有机碳库的区分测定方法、积累、转化和时空分布的研究。已有研究成果表明:(1)复垦与未复垦排土场中土壤无机碳含量无显著差异。(2)土壤有机碳的含量受复垦植被、年限、地形及土壤理化性质的影响。(3)不同因素通过影响土壤中的矿质态氮和微生物活性而影响有机碳的分解矿化率。(4)不同类型有机碳在土壤剖面中的分布呈不同规律,生物成因有机碳主要积累在土壤表层和亚表层,而地球成因有机碳积累在土壤底层。在此基础上提出深入研究方向:土壤无机碳和有机碳的相互转化关系、土壤碳循环与氮、磷、水循环的耦合关系及与生态系统生物多样性之间的内在联系。     

复垦类型对煤矸山土壤微生物功能菌的影响

土壤微生物功能菌的数量变化关系到土壤生态系统的维持与改善,因此研究其数量特征对查明复垦煤矸山土壤质量恢复状况具有重要意义。以山西省霍州市煤矸山复垦农田、果园和林地为研究对象,分析3种复垦类型土壤微生物功能菌数量变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)3种复垦样地农田土壤含水量、速效钾含量较高;果园土壤有机质和有效磷含量最高;林地p H值较低,但碱解氮、微生物量碳、氮含量最高。(2)3种复垦样地功能菌总量表现为林地农田果园,其中好氧固氮细菌表现为农田林地果园;氨化细菌为林地果园农田;好气纤维素分解菌林地农田果园;有机磷、无机磷细菌为果园林地农田。(3)相关分析表明,氨化细菌和好气纤维素分解菌受土壤性质的影响最大;主成分分析表明,土壤pH值和微生物量碳、氮含量对功能菌数量影响的贡献率最大。     

黄土区采煤排土场生态复垦工程实施成效分析

以复垦20a的平朔露天煤矿排土场生态系统为研究对象,从土壤重构到先锋树种筛选及生态系统恢复不同阶段植被演变、动物定居、微生物、土壤养分变化等方面,系统分析了其生态重建技术的实施效果。结果表明,平朔矿区已形成＂黄土母质直接覆盖表层培肥熟化＂特色复垦技术;筛选出刺槐×油松×柠条,刺槐×油松,刺槐×沙棘,刺槐纯林等多种植被配置模式;随着复垦年限的延长,野生物种大量入侵,土壤种子库逐渐形成,物种多样性增加,植被群落组成趋于稳定,动物、微生物和土壤养分呈现增加趋势,表明矿区生态系统已进入正常的演替过程。但受矿区特殊生境和自然客观条件的限制,演替过程中某些植被出现病虫害、种内或种间的水分竞争等问题已导致部分植被退化,因此植被恢复成功后其生态管理还需进一步研究。     

煤矿复垦区不同恢复年限沙棘人工林土壤真菌群落特征

  目的  探讨矿区不同恢复年限复垦地沙棘人工林土壤真菌群落组成、多样性及其影响因子。  方法  以鄂尔多斯聚鑫龙煤矿复垦区不同恢复年限沙棘人工林为研究对象,撂荒草地为对照,对研究区土样进行采集,通过高通量测序对土样真菌群落测序分析。  结果  研究区共获得真菌8门、30纲、69目、164科和285属,其中子囊菌门和担子菌门为主要菌群,占样地所有菌门的98.2%,不同恢复年限不同土层真菌群落组成存在差异。随着恢复年限的增加,研究区土壤真菌门分类水平上主要类群的个体数及类群数整体呈现增长趋势,整体高于对照样地草地。另外,恢复7年的样地土壤真菌群落丰富度及多样性显著高于其他年限和撂荒草地。冗余分析表明,研究区不同恢复年限沙棘林土壤微生物群落组成主要由土壤pH、土壤有机质含量决定,同时也与土壤氮、磷、钾元素有关。  结论  不同恢复年限沙棘人工林土壤理化性质存在差异,恢复年限的增加提高了真菌的物种丰富度及多样性。     

基于最小数据集的黄土高原矿区复垦土壤质量评价

矿产开发影响了土壤质量,特别是在黄土高原生态脆弱地区。通过植被恢复能够改善矿区复垦土壤质量。为了揭示矿区复垦土壤质量在植被恢复过程中的变化,该文以黑岱沟矿区排土场不同恢复年限不同植被类型、未复垦地和周边自然植被恢复区为研究对象,选取21项理化生指标作为总数据集(totaldataset,TDS),运用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)结合Norm值构建评价指标最小数据集(minimum data set,MDS),通过非线性(non-Linear,NL)和线性(linear,L)两种评价方法对研究区土壤质量进行了评价。研究表明:黄土高原北部典型矿区复垦土壤质量评价指标MDS包括粉粒百分比、有机质、速效磷、钠吸附比和微生物碳;2种评价方法下,植被恢复均对复垦土壤质量指数(soil quality index,SQI)有了显著提升(P 0.05),复垦20 a灌木SQI高于复垦10 a灌木SQI,复垦12 a草本SQI高于复垦20 a草本SQI,然而所有复垦土壤SQI均未达到自然植被恢复土壤SQI;由于非线性土壤质量评价方法(SQI-NL)具有更大的土壤质量指数变化区间和变异系数,此外,在SQI-NL和线性土壤质量(SQI-L)评价两种方法下,MDS和TDS之间决定系数分别为0.911和0.866,因此,非线性土壤质量评价方法在该区域具有更好的适用性,并且最小数据集能够较准确地进行土壤质量评价。     

黄土区露天煤矿排土场复垦后土壤与植被的演变规律

恢复受损的土壤和植被是矿区生态恢复的关键,植被恢复过程的实质是植被-土壤复合生态系统相互作用的过程。该文通过典型小区调查的方法,选择山西平朔州安太堡露天煤矿复垦排土场为研究区,分析了不同复垦年限（3、5、10、12和17 a）土壤环境因子和乔木林地植被生物量的动态演变规律,建立了黄土区露天煤矿排土场复垦土壤环境因子和乔木林地植被生物量Logistic演替模型,并构建了土壤-植被交互影响的偏微分方程组。相关系数及显著性检验表明所建立的土壤各环境因子演变模型和乔木林复垦地的植被生物量演变模型有效,能够很好地反映排土场的土壤因子和植被生物量的动态演变过程;随着复垦年限的增加,研究区土壤环境因子质量不断提升并逐渐接近原地貌,土壤因子和植被生物量都呈S型变化,符合Logistic生长演替模型;土壤环境因子与植被生物量二者交互作用明显,符合Kolmogorov捕食模型。该研究可为黄土区露天矿排土场土地复垦与生态恢复提供理论依据。     

Characterization by isoelectric focusing of the organic matter of a regenerated soil

Abstract

Regeneration of a soil with a high degree of desertification was conducted by the addition of different doses of municipal solid waste organic matter (MSW). Five years after this treatment, humic substances were extracted from these soils and characterized by spectroscopy and isoelectric focusing. No significant differences between E4/E6 ratio and ?log K (Log A400 nm‐log A600 nm) were observed for humic substances extracted from treated and untreated soils. However, the isoelectric focusing (IEF) technique established differences between the humic substances from control and treated soils. The focusing pattern of the former showed a well defined band at pH 9.1 which nearly disappeared in the soils with high doses of MSW (1–2 %). However the organic matter which focused at pH 5.8 was present in all soils.     

Aluminum-tolerance of carrot (daucus carota L.) plants regenerated from selected cell cultures

Abstract

Aluminum-tolerant variants from cell cultures of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. MS Yonsun) were selected by exposing them to excess ionic aluminum. The medium contained A1CI₃ and 0.1 mM phosphate at pH 4.0. Under ionic aluminum stress (0.5-1.0 mM), 282 calli were selected. Twenty-eight fertile plants were regenerated from 7 selected calli. Based on the root elongation tests of the seedlings, the seeds displayed aluminum-tolerance. In the case of the cell line H7-08, the selection occurred at a frequency of ca. 6 × 10^-7 when the materials were plated on agar medium containing 0.5 mM aluminum.     

Gas chromatographic determination of monoethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in chocolate packaged in regenerated cellulose film

A method for the quantitative determination of monoethylene glycol (MEG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) in chocolate is described. The procedure involves dissolving the chocolate in hot water, defatting with hexane, removing sugars by precipitation, and analyzing as trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives by capillary gas chromatography. The use of butan-1,4-diol as an internal standard corrects for recovery, which is between 50 and 60%, to give a relative standard deviation of 10-11% for the determination of both glycols at the level of 50 mg/kg. The presence of MEG and DEG in chocolate is confirmed by full scanning gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the TMS derivatives.     

水稻早恢402体培后代及测交F1主要性状的变异分析

对早熟恢复系早恢402体培后代及其测交F1的变异研究表明，体培R2代性状变异与R1代测交F1性状变异及各性状超亲优势变异的趋势均不同。R1代测交F1与其亲本测交F1在播始天数、有效穗及单株粒重3个性状上的超亲优势差异达极显著水平。R1代F1播始天数的超亲优势变异方向多倾早熟变异，而有效穗及单株粒重的超亲优势变异方向多倾大值变异。     

Heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC NMR) characterization of acetylated fir (Abies sachallnensis MAST) wood regenerated from ionic liquid

An ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl), was used to dissolve Japanese fir (Abies sachallnensis MAST) wood. Milled woods prepared by planetary ball-milling for 8 h dissolved completely in [Bmim]Cl at 100 °C in 2 h. The dissolved woods were then subjected to in situ acetylation, and the fully acetylated woods were regenerated from [Bmim]Cl. (1)H-(13)C correlation heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were successfully conducted with the acetylated woods in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-d(6). The acetylated lignin and polysaccharide signals dispersed reasonably well on the 2D spectra. Characterization of the NMR signals for the whole cell-wall components, including lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses, was achieved by comparison with isolated lignin and commercial cellulose and hemicelluloses (arabinoxylan, galactomannan, and glucomannan). The procedure used here is applicable for the characterization of cell-wall components in various plant biomasses.     

Characterization of sesame (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sesamum indicum</Emphasis> L.) germplasm regenerated in Georgia,USA

Sesame, Sesamum indicum L. is used worldwide for cooking oil and food. The United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit (USDA, ARS, PGRCU) conserves 1,226 accessions originating from Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, and South America. Sesame accessions were directly seeded to the field in Griffin, GA between 15 May and 01 June 2003–2007. At 50% maturity, 192 accessions were characterized for morphological, phenological, and reproductive traits during the regeneration cycles. High quality plants regenerated from all accessions produced 131 to more than 80,000 seeds per accession. Sesame can be successfully grown and regenerated in Griffin, GA. Coefficients of variation and principal component analysis revealed considerable variability among accessions for phenological, morphological and reproductive traits. Assuming appropriate levels of heritability, sufficient variation among sesame accessions exists for days to maturity, plant height, and reproductive traits among these sesame accessions to warrant breeding programs for new sesame cultivar development.     

Morphological and reproductive characterization of guar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyamopsis tetragonoloba</Emphasis>) genetic resources regenerated in Georgia,USA

Guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba is used worldwide for food stabilization, fiber source, food, and industry. The United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit (USDA, ARS, PGRCU) conserves 1,298 accessions originating from India, Pakistan, and breeding lines from the USA. My objectives were to determine: (1) if these guar accessions can successfully be regenerated in Georgia, USA, (2) which traits contribute the most variation, and (3) to provide estimates for genetic relatedness among these accessions. Guar accessions were directly seeded to the field in Griffin, GA between early May and mid June 2006–2008. At 50% maturity, 73 accessions were characterized for morphological, phenological, and reproductive traits during the regeneration cycles. High quality plants regenerated from most of the accessions and produced 80 to more than 9,300 seeds per accession. Guar can be successfully grown and regenerated in Griffin, GA. Coefficients of variation and principal component analysis revealed variability among accessions for these traits evaluated. Cluster analysis separated guar accessions into three groups (clusters) based on low, intermediate or high seed numbers. Guar accessions clustered in groups 2 and 3 appear to be more genetically related than those in group 1.     

姬松茸多糖提取工艺的优化

对姬松茸子实体多糖提取的工艺条件中的多糖提取温度、提取时间、浸提液pH值3因子的最优化组合问题进行了定量研究,建立了具有良好预测性能的姬松茸多糖提取条件的模型,并利用回归模型对工艺条件的最优化组合,对各单因子要素的多糖得率及其交互作用进行了探讨。试验表明,当浸提温度为100℃、浸提时间为3h、浸提液pH值为6.3时多糖得率处于较高水平     

植物恢复措施对鸡西矿区废弃地土壤养分的影响

以黑龙江省鸡西市矿区废弃地为研究区,对不同矿区废弃地的土壤养分元素进行含量分析。结果表明：应用植物恢复措施后的基质土壤各养分指标绝大多数要大大高于原废弃地土壤和经过自然恢复的土壤,说明该措施对石墨尾矿、矸石发电厂粉煤灰废弃地和平排矸石山土壤养分改善效果明显;其中石墨尾矿除全磷外,各种养分指标与林地土壤差距较大,而旱柳对石墨尾矿土壤的改善效果最好,其有机质含量为37．28g／kg,是残渣的2．6倍;种植大果沙棘对粉煤灰废弃地土壤养分的积累效果明显,有机质含量为48．25g／kg,是残渣的1．5倍;植物恢复措施使平排矸石山的土壤养分积累速度加快,已接近林地,混交种植兴安落叶松和家榆总体恢复效果最好,有机质含量分别为193．42和151．46g／kg,是自然恢复条件下的8．9和7倍。建议引入优势种群（如松科等）以加快演替速度,使矿区废弃地更快地恢复到原始状态。