基于无人机技术黄河沿岸沙丘移动速度监测及影响因素分析

为更便捷地监测乌兰布和沙漠黄河沿岸沙丘移动速度并解析其影响因素,该研究以乌兰布和沙漠沿黄段沙丘为研究对象,应用无人机航拍技术开展沿岸沙丘的季节性地貌过程和影响因素研究。结果表明:1)研究区沙丘年移动速率1.08～2.27 m/a,多年平均输沙势为78.82 VU,年合成输沙势为25.92 VU,处于低风能环境,8～12 m/s等级风输沙势是年输沙势的主要部分,约占73.24%。方向变率(合成输沙势(Resultant Drift Potential,RDP)与输沙势(Drift Potential,DP)的比值)RDP/DP保持在0.30～0.46之间,属于中等变率。合成输沙方向RDD为57.83°～107.39°,与沙丘移动方向较为一致,西风组占全年输沙势的52.09%,是沙丘年移动的主要驱动力。2)沙丘移动速率具有明显的季节特征,整体呈现春季移动速率快,冬末-春初次之,秋季与秋末-冬末相近,夏季移动速率最慢。其中,秋末-冬末、春季和秋季输沙势DP 8.48～20.49 VU,合成输沙势方向在90.02°～95.54°之间,RDP/DP值均在0.3～0.8之间,属于中等变率,西风组作用显著,这与年合成输沙方向及沙丘走向较为一致;冬末-春初和春末-夏季分别受东北风(NE)和南风组(SSE、S、SSW)作用,沙丘通过形态变化适应风向,移动速度降缓。季节输沙势主要集中在8～10m/s风速等级,约占整个季节输沙势的40.76%～56.93%。3)综合各季节和年际输沙势与沙丘移动距离呈线性正相关,拟合方程为y=1.02+0.006 62x(R~2=0.339,F=5.616,P=0.045),方程总体显著,输沙势可以表征该地区沙丘移动距离。基于无人机监测的沙丘运动研究综合显示,风况是该地区影响该地区沙丘移动的主要动力,其中西风组8 m/s以上风速是研究区沙丘移动的主要驱动力。风向变率和合成输沙势方向与沙丘移动方向一致时沙丘移动则快,不一致时则缓;无人机可在较大尺度上为沙丘移动提供更为便捷的监测服务,研究结果可为同类地区沙丘移动的无人机监测提供参考依据。     

乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘纱网沙障防风效能研究

为了选择适宜规格的纱网沙障进行流动沙地治理,在乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘设置2 m×2 m,4 m×4 m,6 m×6 m网格或2 m,4 m,6 m带宽的带状纱网沙障,采用美国HOBO全自动风速风向仪测定其风速变化,并分析了地表粗糙度、相对风速和防风效能。结果表明:2 m×2 m网格纱网沙障地表粗糙度随着风速增加而呈现出线性降低的规律;纱网沙障主要是降低近地表30 cm以下高度的风速,并提高近地表粗糙度;随着风速增加,纱网沙障防风效能变化总体呈现出降低的趋势。在流动沙丘设置2 m×2 m,4 m×4 m网格或2 m,4 m带状纱网沙障可有效降低近地表风速、增加地表粗糙度,总体防风效能较好。     

Mathematical and statistical modeling of morphometric and planar parameters of barchans in Pashoeyeh Erg in the west of Lut Desert,Iran

Barchan dunes are among the most common accumulative phenomena made by wind erosion, which are usually formed in regions where the prevailing wind direction is almost constant throughout the year and there is not enough sand to completely cover the land surface. Barchans are among the most common windy landscapes in Pashoueyeh Erg in the west of Lut Desert, Iran. This study aims to elaborate on morphological properties of barchans in this region using mathematical and statistical models. The results of these methods are very important in investigating barchan shapes and identifying their behavior. Barchan shapes were mathematically modeled by simulating them in the coordinate system through nonlinear parabolic equations, so that two separate equations were calculated for barchan windward and slip-face parabolas. The type and intensity of relationships between barchan morphology and mathematical parameters were determined by the statistical modeling. The results indicated that the existing relationships followed the power correlation with the maximum coefficient of determination and minimum error of estimate. Combining the above two methods is a powerful basis for stimulating barchans in virtual and laboratory environments. The most important result of this study is to convert the mathematical and statistical models of barchan morphology to each other. Focal length is one of the most important parameters of barchan parabolas, suggesting different states of barchans in comparison with each other. As the barchan's focal length decreases, its opening becomes narrower, and the divergence of the barchan's horns reduces. Barchans with longer focal length have greater width, dimensions, and volume. In general, identifying and estimating the morphometric and planar parameters of barchans is effective in how they move, how much they move, and how they behave in the environment. These cases play an important role in the management of desert areas.     

戈壁荒漠区光伏发电项目水土流失特征及其影响指数

以河西走廊地区9个已建成的典型光伏发电项目为研究对象,对不同防治分区的水土流失特征进行对比分析,在此基础上应用水土流失影响指数计算、分析和评级方法,计算戈壁荒漠区光伏发电项目的水土流失影响指数。首次指明国内戈壁荒漠区光伏发电项目的水土流失影响指数范围。结果表明：光伏发电项目各防治分区扰动地表面积所占比例从大到小依次为光电池板布置区（68.72%）〉道路区（27.17%）〉其他防治区（1.77%）〉管理区（1.18%）〉施工营地区（1.15%）;挖方量所占比例从大到小依次为光电池板布置区（65.09%）〉道路区（30.45%）〉管理区（1.82%）〉施工营地区（1.48%）〉其他防治区（1.15%）,光电池板布置区和道路区是光伏发电项目施工扰动最大的区域。这些区域的基础开挖、搬运和填筑等土建工程也是产生水土流失的重点环节,戈壁荒漠区光伏发电项目建设的水土流失影响指数为0.419。     

Wind regimes and associated sand dune types in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Wind controls the formation and development of sand dunes. Therefore, understanding the wind regimes is necessary in sand dune research. In this study, we combined the wind data from 2017 to 2019 at four meteorological stations (Cherigele and Wuertabulage stations in the lake basins, and Yikeri and Sumujilin stations on the top of sand dunes) in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert in China, with high resolution Google Earth images to analyze the correlation between the wind energy environments and dune morphology. The results of data analysis indicated that both the wind direction and sand drift intensity exhibited notable spatial and temporal variations. The highest level of wind activity was observed in spring. Northwesterly and northeasterly winds were the dominant in the Badain Jaran Desert. At the Cherigele, Wuertabulage, and Yikeri stations, the drift potential (DP) was below 200.00 vector units (VU). The wind energy environments in most areas could be classified as low-energy environments. The resultant drift direction differed at different stations and in different seasons, but the overall direction was mainly the southeast. The resultant drift potential (RDP)/DP ratio was greater than 0.30 in most parts of the study area, suggesting that the wind regimes mainly exhibited unimodal or bimodal characteristics. Differences between the thermodynamic properties and the unique landscape settings of lakes and sand dunes could alter the local circulation and intensify the complexity of the wind regimes. The wind regimes were weaker in the lake basins than on the top of sand dunes. Transverse dunes were the most dominant types of sand dunes in the study area, and the wind regimes at most stations were consistent with sand dune types. Wind was thus the main dynamic factor affecting the formation of sand dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert BJD. The results of this study are important for understanding the relationship between the wind regimes and aeolian landforms of the dune field in the deserts.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠地表感热特征分析

利用1979年3月~2004年2月月平均的NCEP/DOE新再分析地表感热资料,在分析塔克拉玛干沙漠四季感热基本气候特征的基础上,通过EOF分析方法,对沙漠地表感热异常变化的空间结构和时间演变趋势作了诊断研究。结果表明:1)沙漠地区地表感热通量的分布存在较大的季节和区域性差异。2)根据各季地表感热距平场的EOF分析,该区感热异常主要有全区一致型、南北差异型以及西北~东南差异型三种常见的分布模态;3)近25年来,塔克拉玛干沙漠春季和夏季地表感热在第一空间尺度上总体变化趋势平缓,秋季在波动中有明显增强的趋势;在第二空间尺度上夏季和秋季变化趋势不太显著,而春季在沙漠北部有减弱的趋势,南部有增强的趋势。     

风沙土水分入渗与再分布过程中湿润锋运移试验研究

利用室内模拟试验系统,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地风沙土在滴灌条件下的水分入渗与水分再分布过程中湿润锋的运动规律进行了模拟试验研究。根据模拟试验描述了风沙土在滴灌条件下水分入渗与再分布情况下湿润体的形状变化,研究了在水平方向上与垂直方向上风沙土的湿润锋推进规律及运动特征,揭示了随着累计入渗量的增加,湿润锋推进过程在入渗初期速率较大,逐渐成减小趋势,并最终达到稳定入渗状态;在土壤水分再分布过程中土壤湿润锋面不断向外部推移,最后达到相对稳定;对风沙土水分入渗及再分布过程中其湿润锋的推进距离与时间做了函数关系拟合,其中乘幂函数关系式拟合最好。     

基于RS和GIS的沙漠湖泊动态变化研究——以巴丹吉林沙漠为例

沙漠湖泊动态变化的常规观测方法在沙漠的大部分地区无法实施,遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(G IS)技术的发展为研究沙漠湖泊动态变化提供了有效的技术手段。及时准确地掌握和研究沙漠湖泊资源的现状和动态变化过程,对于沙漠湖泊的合理开发、保护和可持续发展都有着及其重要的意义。因此,以巴丹吉林沙漠为例,利用1973年、1990年、2000年、2007年的(多光谱扫描仪)MSS、(专题制图仪)TM、(增强型专题制图仪)ETM+、(中巴地球资源卫星)CBERS_CCD遥感资料为信息源,综合监督分类与目视判读方法提取沙漠湖泊信息,以G IS为工具对湖泊动态变化信息进行分析。结果表明:研究区1973年湖泊面积为28.56km2,2007年的湖泊面积为17.01km2,减少了11.55km2,减少的速度为0.34km2/a,其中1973-1990年间减少的速率最快,为0.66km2/a,1990-2007年间几乎没有发生变化。     

沙柳营养繁殖苗培育技术研究

采用不同方法研究了沙柳营养繁殖苗培育技术,结果表明:沙柳的着生环境越接近原生的基质条件,沙柳扦插生长也越具有优势。通透性好的沙基质有利于沙柳扦插成活。沙柳扦插苗头2年生长最快,3年后生长逐渐减退。     

阜康北部梭梭荒漠早春物种多样性研究

通过对梭梭荒漠2种植物群落早春的物种组成、垂直结构及物种多样性的对比研究发现:梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群落和白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)群落具有结构简单、群落优势度高、均匀度和物种多样性较低、旱生性植物占绝对优势及短生植物成为群落重要组成部分等特征。同时,二者存在以下差异:①物种多样性差异, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数梭梭群落(0.74,0.08和0.81)均高于白梭梭群落(0.61, 0.06和0.77);②主要伴生种不同,前者以草本植物为主要伴生种,后者以灌木为主要伴生种;③短生物种丰富度差异分别占前者的64.7%(11种)及后者的60%(15种)。2种梭梭群落的特点与差异可能与古尔班通古特沙漠南缘早春适宜的水热配置、群落生境的沙土含水量、沙面稳定程度及物种本身的生物学特性等因素有关。