风沙地貌研究的若干新进展

最近研究表明：风棱石在重建古环境方面有重要作用,雅丹是以风蚀为主并在其它地貌过程参与下形成的。新月形沙丘沿垂直于丘脊的方向运动时常表现为动态均衡,运用合成风向假说能较好地阐明线形丘的动力过程的沉积构造,而复杂风信假说在解释星状沙丘的成因,动态和构造方面更具有说服力。     

远距离台风影响下的陕西大暴雨分析

应用NCEP再分析资料和常规地面观测资料,对陕西发生的3次与台风有关的大暴雨天气,从环流背景、动力、热力、水汽条件等方面综合分析.结果表明:3次过程中国大陆中东部存在高压系统,使西风槽或高原槽进入河套移动缓慢;台风主要作用是外围东风气流为河套输送大量水汽或使孟加拉湾和南海的暖湿气流向北输送.大暴雨位于850 hPa锋生...     

Contribution of underlying terrain to sand dunes: evidence from the Qaidam Basin,Northwest China

Underlying terrain strongly influences dune formation. However, the impacts of underlying terrain on the dune formation are poorly studied. In the present research, we focused on dunes that formed in the alluvial fans and dry salt flats in the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China. We quantified the dunes' sediment characteristics on different types of underlying terrain and the terrain's effects on the surface quartz grains by analyzing grain-size distribution, soluble salt contents and grain surface micro-textures. Results showed that barchan dunes were dominated by medium sands with a unimodal frequency distribution, whose peak corresponded to the saltation load. Linear dunes were mainly composed of fine sands with a bimodal frequency distribution, whose main peak represented the saltation load, and whose secondary peak represented the modified saltation or suspension load. Sand was transported from source area by running water (inland rivers) over short distances and by wind over relatively longer distances. Thus, quartz grains had poor roundness and were dominated by sub-angular and angular shapes. Surface micro-textures indicated that dune sands were successively transported by exogenic agents (glaciation, fluviation and wind). Soluble salt contents were low in dunes that developed in the alluvial fans, which represented a low-energy chemical environment, so the grain surface micro-textures mainly resulted from mechanical erosion, with weak micro-textures formed by SiO₂ solution and precipitation. However, soluble salt contents were much higher in dunes that developed in the dry salt flats, which indicated a high-energy chemical environment. Therefore, in addition to micro-structures caused by mechanical erosion, micro-textures formed by SiO₂ solution and precipitation also well developed. Our results improve understanding of the sediment characteristics of dune sands and the effects of underlying terrain on dune development in the Qaidam Basin, China.     

Spray impaction,retention and adhesion: An introduction to basic characteristics

Droplets, falling under gravity through air that is not moving relative to the target, will impact on any object in their path, while charged droplets will be drawn to objects of earth potential along paths normal to the lines of equipotential; thus near the catching surface, they will move directly towards it. If the air is moving relative to the target, it will tend to move the droplets with it. The greater the drag to mass ratio of a droplet, the more rapidly any initial motion it has through the air will cease, and it will move through the air only very slowly under the effects of gravity and any electromagnetic potential. Air flowing past an object is able to change its path rapidly, but droplets moving with the air are less able to do this. Their ability to avoid impact increases with decrease in droplet size and wind speed, and with increase in the size of the catching surface. Thus small smooth stems catch big droplets in a high wind efficiently, but large smooth branches in a light wind will not catch many small droplets. Artificial cylinders and ribbons are poorer at catching droplets than natural surfaces, which are rarely smooth and often hairy. Hairs or spikes on a surface greatly increase the catch efficiency of droplets carried in the wind. A droplet several hundred micrometres in diameter is so dominated by gravity that it will fall in a near vertical path even in a moderate wind, impacting on any horizontal surface that obstructs its path. Its chances of reaching a vertical stem are negligible unless it runs off or splashes from a near horizontal surface. Conversely, a small droplet will be carried almost horizontally in any wind and is most likely to impact on vertical surfaces or flapping leaves. It has a much greater chance of getting inside the canopy without being caught because most leaves are near horizontal, and once there, it must rely on the turbulence induced by the wind for transport and impaction on undersurfaces or hairs. Because turbulence is reduced as the droplet nears the ground, it is very difficult to catch droplets on the lower parts of the crop within the canopy. To bounce, a droplet must have enough surplus kinetic energy to rebound clear of the surface, allowing for the energy losses in deforming the droplet in the bounce process; moreover, the surface must not be significantly wetted by the drop. Thus the droplet must be moderate to large in size, must be moving rapidly relative to the surface, and must have a high surface tension to contain it as a droplet, even at its extreme deformation. Surface condition is of great importance; the presence of hairs and the type of roughness affect the probability of maintaining an air film between the surface and the droplet. In general, droplets below 150 μm diameter are unlikely to bounce, but adding small amounts of surfactant to the droplet formulation can increase this size by several times. Any one plant leaf can vary considerably over its area because of age, abrasion and local surface shape. A film of water on a wet surface ensures an air film is maintained and the droplet will bounce.     

中哈边境迁飞蝗虫降落的天气过程分析——以1999年塔城地区为例

为明确中哈边境迁飞蝗虫降落过程的气象背景,选择中哈边境塔城地区蝗虫迁飞为害最严重的1999年为例,基于当年迁飞蝗虫降落时间、地点及为害程度等数据,利用中尺度气象预报与研究(weather research and forecasting,WRF)模式模拟塔城地区迁飞蝗虫降落的天气变化。结果表明,垂直速度达到0.22 m/s的下沉气流、风速为3 m/s以上的东南风向、降雨和低于19℃的温度胁迫是影响1999年7月10日中哈边境迁飞蝗虫降落的主要气象因素;统计当年迁入蝗虫降落事件,发现下沉气流、风向切变、降雨和低温在蝗虫降落过程中出现的频次占总迁入蝗虫降落事件的70%、50%、30%和10%,其中下沉气流和风向切变是影响蝗虫降落的主导因子。表明利用WRF模式可准确预测迁飞蝗虫跨境为害降落区域的天气过程。     

沙丘移动速度的观测与计算

在沙漠地区研究沙丘上风沙输运和估算沙丘移动速度对防治沙害有实际意义。文献1,2均给出了计算沙丘移动速度的公式,但必须知道相应的输沙率。由于输沙率和当地风速有关而沿沙丘脊线不同高度处有不同的风速,如何把沙丘上各点的风速与受沙丘扰动的“来流”风速关联起来就成为关键问题。本文对5个不同高度沙丘上的风速和输沙率进行多次观测、在详细分析所得数据的基础上给出了风速之间的关联和计算沙丘移动速度的普遍公式,并与实测结果作了比较。     

Changes in wind activity from 1957 to 2011 and their possible influence on aeolian desertification in northern China

Wind activity is proved to have significant impacts on aeolian desertification. Clarifying the fluctuations and change trend of wind velocity is important for understanding their influence on aeolian desertification. In this study, we used a dataset of wind velocities collected from 93 meteorological stations across northern China from 1957 to 2011 to analyze the changes in wind activity during this period. We tested the monotonic and step(abrupt) trends for annual and seasonal data of mean wind velocity by using Mann-Kendall and Mann-Whitney tests, respectively. The results indicated that the annual mean wind velocity decreased by 0.83 m/s from 1957 to 2011. The decreasing trends were also significant(P<0.01) for each season. The magnitude of the decrease was smallest in the east of northern China and largest in the west of northern China, and the most remarkable decrease occurred in the northwest of northern China. Abrupt decreases in annual and seasonal mean wind velocities occurred in the mid-1980 s, which was consistent with the changes in aeolian desertification since the mid-1980 s in northern China. As revealed by our study, although both modern aeolian desertification and ecosystem rehabilitation are affected by human activities to some extent, they are also likely to be strongly controlled by climate change, especially by wind activity.     

柠条绿虎天牛幼虫龄期的划分

为明确柠条绿虎天牛Chlorophorus caragana XieWang幼虫的龄期,以便进行预测预报及采取防治措施。通过林间采集柠条绿虎天牛幼虫,并根据前胸背板宽、触角孔间距和体长3项形态指标的频次分布结果初步划分龄期,然后利用戴氏生长法则和线性回归进行验证。结果表明:柠条绿虎天牛幼虫可分为7龄,触角孔间距和前胸背板宽符合Dyar法则和Crosby法则并呈现明显的线性回归关系,可作为龄期划分的重要指标。体长不符合Crosby法则,不宜用于区分龄期。     

古尔班通古特沙漠腹地输沙风能及地貌学意义

根据古尔班通古特沙漠腹地2个气象台站2003-2006年气象资料,分析起沙风况和输沙势,并对其地貌学意义进行探讨。结果表明：沙漠中部全年起沙风出现频率为0.25%,以东北风和西北风为主;南部起沙风出现频率为0.11%,以西北风和西南风为主。沙漠中部和南部均属于低风能环境,中部地区的总输沙势（DP）为66.7VU,合成输...     

灌木林优化配置格局对土壤风蚀的影响

低覆盖度时,灌木林的水平配置格局成为制约土壤风蚀的重要因素。以宁夏盐池县风沙区人工灌木林基地为试验区,研究了不同下垫面类型和不同配置格局的灌木沙障对风速、近地表输沙率和地表粗糙度的影响。结果表明:灌木林的防治土壤风蚀能力与灌木林的种类、高度和配置格局有直接关系:行带式配置能显著提高灌木林的防风效果,其中以沙柳林效果最佳;三行一带、平均高1.5m、行距1.5m、插深0.5m配置规格的沙柳沙障对地表土壤风蚀的控制效果最好,但防护范围限15倍带高以内;在行数一定的情况下,沙障高度越低,控制土壤风蚀能力越强。     

承德地区沙尘天气的气候成因分析

基于1991-2010年承德地区9个气象站的气象数据采用统计分析和相关分析的方法,将承德地区沙尘天气(包括浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴)的年、季特征与气候因子(包括降水量、气温、风速以及大风日数)作了详细的相关分析。结果表明:降水量增多可以在一定程度上抑制沙尘天气的发生频次。在温度偏高、降水量偏少、风速较大且大风日数较多的年份和月份,沙尘天气较多。风要素是影响沙尘天气的最为直接且最优的相关因子,风速的大小、大风日数的增减直接关系到沙尘天气频数的变化。从整体上看该地区气候因子对沙尘天气的相关性影响从强到弱依次是大风日数、风速、降水量和气温。因此沙尘天气的短期预测要抓住本地的敏感气候因子。     

黄河源区现代沙漠化过程影响因素定量分析

以青海玛多县为例,通过数学模型和因子分析法对黄河源区现代沙漠化过程的影响因素进行了定量分析.基于对该区的实际调查,认为年平均相对湿度、年均气温、年降水量、年均风速、总人口、牲畜数量和工业总产值可能是影响该区沙漠化的因素.1976-1994年期间,研究区沙漠化总面积呈迅速扩展趋势,沙漠化程度呈加重趋势.研究表明:研究区沙...     

Grain size distribution at four developmental stages of crescent dunes in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert,China

Although scientists have performed many studies on crescent (barchan) dunes in the Taklimakan Desert,few studies reported the changes in grain size at different development stages of crescent dunes.In order to evaluate the changing trends of surface sediment grain size with dune development,we investigated the grain size characteristics at four developmental stages (oval sand pile,shield dune,incipient crescent dune and mature crescent dune) of crescent dunes by measuring the morphology of sand dune and observing the near-surface wind regime.The dunes have developed in a wide inter-dune corridor between high compound longitudinal ridges in China's Taklimakan Desert.The surface sediments at four developmental stages of the crescent dunes were primarily composed of fine sands,followed by very fine and medium sands.Mean grain sizes ranged from 2.8 to 3.1 φ,with a unimodal distribution.The sands were moderately well-sorted,their distribution varied from platykurtic to very platykurtic,and symmetrical or skewed towards the fine particles.From oval sand piles through shield and incipient crescent dunes to mature crescent dunes,incipient grain size gradually increased,particles became finer,sorting became better,kurtosis and skewness increased.Grain sizes on the surface layer became coarser upwards from the toe of the windward slope and then became finer towards the bottom of the leeward slope.We found that the coarsest particles at different positions at the four developmental stages were different.The coarsest particles were distributed at the top of the oval sand piles and shield dunes,versus at the middle of the windward slope of the incipient and mature crescent dunes.Correlations between the mean grain size and other grain size parameters showed that as mean grain size became finer,sorting became better and kurtosis became wider,but skewness changed only slightly.In addition,grain size variation in the surface sediments correlated with the movement speed of the dunes in the study area.In the open ground among tall-complex longitudinal ridges in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert where aeolian environment is characterized by comparatively strong wind and unsaturated sand flow,faster dune movement corresponded to coarser grain size.     

塔里木沙漠石油公路选线技术研究

在世界上第二大流动沙漠－塔克拉玛干沙漠中，修筑长５００余ｋｍ的塔里木沙漠公路，其难度之在，当属世界前列。本文训这一工程实施中，适用的沙漠公路选线技术进行了系统研究，其中，沙漠公路布设原则的研究及选定；沙漠公路的几何特征与沙害对应关系的研究，沙漠公路的测设技术及主要技术指标的选定以及从地貌方面研究的沙漠公路防护等，都为沙漠公路的成功修筑提供了保证。     

近49 a乌鲁木齐气候变化及其与EI Nino/La Nina事件的关系

利用乌鲁木齐气象站1961－2009年的逐月平均气温、降水量和风速以及EI Nino/La Nina事件统计数据,采用趋势线法和统计分析等方法,研究近49 a来乌鲁木齐气候变化与EI Nino/La Nina事件的关系。结果表明：49 a来乌鲁木齐降水量和气温均有所增加,风速具有一定的下降趋势;气候向暖湿化方向转变。1961－2009年共有16个厄尔尼诺事件年,13个拉尼娜事件年。EI Nino/La Nina事件影响乌鲁木齐季节降水量、年平均气温和风速。在厄尔尼诺年,乌鲁木齐冬季降水偏少、风速偏小、年平均气温偏高、容易形成暖冬,且易发生旱灾。在拉尼娜事件年,乌鲁木齐春季或夏季往往降水偏多、风速偏大、易遭遇洪水、寒潮和风灾。     

Wind regimes and associated sand dune types in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Wind controls the formation and development of sand dunes. Therefore, understanding the wind regimes is necessary in sand dune research. In this study, we combined the wind data from 2017 to 2019 at four meteorological stations (Cherigele and Wuertabulage stations in the lake basins, and Yikeri and Sumujilin stations on the top of sand dunes) in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert in China, with high resolution Google Earth images to analyze the correlation between the wind energy environments and dune morphology. The results of data analysis indicated that both the wind direction and sand drift intensity exhibited notable spatial and temporal variations. The highest level of wind activity was observed in spring. Northwesterly and northeasterly winds were the dominant in the Badain Jaran Desert. At the Cherigele, Wuertabulage, and Yikeri stations, the drift potential (DP) was below 200.00 vector units (VU). The wind energy environments in most areas could be classified as low-energy environments. The resultant drift direction differed at different stations and in different seasons, but the overall direction was mainly the southeast. The resultant drift potential (RDP)/DP ratio was greater than 0.30 in most parts of the study area, suggesting that the wind regimes mainly exhibited unimodal or bimodal characteristics. Differences between the thermodynamic properties and the unique landscape settings of lakes and sand dunes could alter the local circulation and intensify the complexity of the wind regimes. The wind regimes were weaker in the lake basins than on the top of sand dunes. Transverse dunes were the most dominant types of sand dunes in the study area, and the wind regimes at most stations were consistent with sand dune types. Wind was thus the main dynamic factor affecting the formation of sand dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert BJD. The results of this study are important for understanding the relationship between the wind regimes and aeolian landforms of the dune field in the deserts.     

Relationship between thermal anomalies in Tibetan Plateau and summer dust storm frequency over Tarim Basin,China

The dust storm is the most important and frequent meteorological disaster over Tarim Basin,which causes huge damages on local social economics.How to predict the springtime and summertime dust storm occurrence has become a hot issue for meteorologists.This paper employed the data of dust storm frequency and 10-m wind velocity at 35 stations over Tarim Basin and the reanalysis data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) during 1961-2007 to study the relationship between dust storm frequency(DSF) in summer over Tarim Basin and the thermal anomalies in Tibetan Plateau in May by using the statistical methods,such as Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF),correlation and binomial moving average.The results show when negative anomalies in Tibetan Plateau and positive anomalies in its southern region are present along 30°N(the second mode of surface temperature anomalies by EOF decomposition) in May,the time coefficient(PC2) plays an important role in summer DSF variation and has a close relation with the summer DSF at both inter-annual and decadal time scales.When negative anomalies in Tibetan Plateau and positive anomalies are present in its southern region(PC2 in positive phase),there is an anomalous anticyclone in North China,which weakens the northwest wind and is not beneficial for cold air moving from high latitude to the Tarim Basin,and the circulation pattern is hard to result in dust storm weather.Furthermore,the sea level pressure(SLP) increased over Tarim Basin and the direction of SLP gradient reversed,which resulted in the 10-m wind velocity slowing down,so the DSF decreased.From above all,it can be conclude that the thermal anomalies in Tibetan Plateau in May has important effects on the summertime dust storm frequency over Tarim Basin and the PC2 can be used as a prediction factor for the summertime dust storm occurrence.     

Near-surface wind environment in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin,southern Tibetan Plateau

Aeolian processes have been studied extensively at low elevations, but have been relatively little studied at high elevations. Aeolian sediments are widely distributed in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin, southern Tibetan Plateau, which is characterized by low pressure and low temperature. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the wind regime using data since 1980 from 11 meteorological stations in the study area, and examined the interaction between the near-surface wind and aeolian environment. The wind environment exhibited significant spatial and temporal variation, and mean wind speed has generally decreased on both annual and seasonal bases since 1980, at an average of 0.181 m/(s·10a). This decrease resulted from the reduced contribution of maximum wind speed, and depended strongly on variations of the frequency of sand-driving winds. The drift potential and related parameters also showed obvious spatial and temporal variation, with similar driving forces for the wind environment. The strength of the wind regime affected the formation and development of the aeolian geomorphological pattern, but with variation caused by local topography and sediment sources. The drift potential and resultant drift direction were two key parameters, as they quantify the dynamic conditions and depositional orientation of the aeolian sediments. Wind affected the spatial variation in sediment grain size, but the source material and complex topographic effects on the near-surface wind were the underlying causes for the grain size distribution of aeolian sands. These results will support efforts to control aeolian desertification in the basin and improve our understanding of aeolian processes in high-elevation environments.     

Dispersal distances for airborne spores based on deposition rates and stochastic modeling

ABSTRACT A new modeling framework for particle dispersal is explored in the context of the particles being fungal spores dispersed within a field. The model gives rise to both exponentially decreasing and polynomially decreasing two-dimensional densities of deposited fungal spores. We reformulate the model in terms of time to deposition, and show how this concept is equivalent to the deposition rate for fungal spores. Special cases where parameter values for wind and gravitation lead to exponentially or polynomially decreasing densities are discussed, and formulas for one- and two-dimensional densities of deposited spores are given explicitly in terms of parameters for diffusion, wind, gravitation, and spore release height.     

塔里木沙漠公路对近地表风沙运动过程的影响

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地野外试验数据的分析,探讨了塔里木沙漠公路对近地表风沙运动过程的影响.结果表明:①阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带对近地表气流的速度和风速廓线形成很大影响,风速整体被削弱,而且越接近地表,削弱程度越大,风速廓线的垂直梯度增加;②在防沙体系内,地表输沙率急剧下降,风沙流结构发生很大变化,下层含沙量下降,而上层含沙量相对变化较少,在阻沙栅栏的积沙带和草方格固沙带内上层含沙量趋于均匀分布;(3) 阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带也影响沙丘的移动.当主导输沙风向与栅栏相交呈小角度时,靠近栅栏的沙丘顺栅栏走向侧向移动相交呈大角度时,移动方向变化不大,草方格固沙带不影响沙丘的移动方向;阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带能降低沙丘的移动速度,而在固沙带内部,由于沙丘的逆向演变,沙丘体积减小,移动速度较快.