地表滴灌条件下滴头流量对土壤水分入渗—再分布过程的影响

在新疆林业科学院枣树示范基地进行了原状土的树下单点源滴灌试验,研究砂壤土在不同滴头流量条件下(滴头流量分别为8、12、16 L·h~(-1))地表滴灌湿润体特征值的变化规律。结果表明:1停止灌溉时湿润锋呈平卧半椭球体分布,随着滴头流量的增加湿润锋的分布范围逐渐增大,停止灌溉后12 h内各滴头流量下土壤中的水分运移均存在再分布过程,水分再分布后湿润锋呈直立半椭球体分布,湿润体的形状大小受到滴头流量及灌溉总量的影响,湿润锋水平、垂直运移距离与入渗时间存在显著的幂函数关系,决定系数(R~2)均大于0.95;2滴灌初期湿润锋在水平、垂直方向上的运移速率随着滴头流量的增加而增大,随着灌水历时的延长逐渐降低,滴头流量越大入渗距离比也就越大,并且随着灌溉时间的推移入渗距离比值逐渐减小,三种滴头流量下入渗距离比由最初的2~2.27逐渐减小到0.8~0.97;3随着滴头流量的增大湿润体的体积不断增大,湿润体含水量也随之增大,距离滴头越近含水量等值线越密,外围含水量等值线较稀疏,滴头正下方约40 cm处土壤含水量增加值达到最大,再分布后含水量等值线变为稀疏,水平扩散半径增加值较小,垂直方向再分布距离较大。     

滴灌条件下土壤水分再分布过程研究

对均质风干砂壤土在滴灌条件下水分再分布过程进行研究发现:距离供水滴头较近的点,水分再分布过程开始后该点土壤含水量突然下降1~2个百分点,随后该点土壤含水量随时间延长而减少,前期较快,后期变缓;原湿润锋边缘处各点的土壤含水量在再分布过程前期表现为继续增加,后期则随时间的延长而缓慢减少。土壤水分的再分布运动使得湿润体内的土壤含水量均有不同程度的下降,土壤水分由高含水区向低含水区运移。在试验条件下水平湿润锋增长幅度6%,垂直方向增长幅度为9%,垂直方向大于水平方向;灌溉结束24 h后土壤水分运动达到暂时的平衡,此后土壤含水量变化很小,土壤湿润锋几乎不再扩展。     

滴灌条件下侧柏林地根区土壤水分运动规律研究

在山地造林试验区,选择了5种滴头流量,研究了侧柏林地根区土壤滴灌条件下地表积水区半径、湿润锋水平扩散半径、湿润锋垂直入渗深度、湿润体大小等表征滴灌水分入渗的特征值。分析试验数据表明:地表积水区半径、湿润锋水平扩散半径与灌水延续时间的关系可用对数函数描述;湿润锋垂直入渗深度与灌水延续时间之间的关系可用幂函数描述,树木根系是影响湿润锋垂直入渗的因素之一。在灌水过程中,湿润锋水平扩散速度总大于垂直入渗速度,湿润体为平卧的椭球体。     

土壤密实度对单点源入渗土壤水分再分布影响研究

滴灌点源供水条件下土壤入渗湿润体变化特征值及其影响因素的研究,是正确设计滴灌系统和对田间作物水分进行高水平管理的前提和基础。文中通过田间膜下滴灌单点源入渗试验,运用AUTOCAD和SURFER软件分析研究土壤密实度对滴灌点源入渗结束24h后湿润体特征值及水分分布规律的影响。结果表明,单点源湿润体特征值随土壤密实度的增大,水平方向距离增大的幅度要比垂向大;水平方向湿润体土壤剖面含水率与水平距离呈二次函数关系,相关系数均为0. 95以上,垂直方向湿润体土壤剖面含水率与垂直距离呈线性函数关系,相关系数均为0. 97以上;土壤密实度的大小对土壤水分再分布后的土壤含水率等值线的疏密程度产生影响,此结论将对下一步研究复杂的双点源交汇入渗以及滴灌点源入渗参数预测模型有理论指导意义。     

Hydrus-3D模型模拟田间点源入渗与水分再分布准确性评价

滴灌条件下水分入渗与再分布是评价滴灌灌溉效率的重要内容,通过Hydrus3D模型模拟单点源和点源交汇情况下水分入渗及其再分布过程,并利用田间试验实测资料进行验证。结果表明:采用Hydrus3D软件建立的模型可较好地模拟单点源水分入渗、水平湿润锋扩散过程及土壤剖面水分的分布情况,水平湿润锋距离的模拟值和实测值的误差在灌水结束时达到最大,且滴头流量越大,误差亦越明显,其中最大绝对误差为4.6 cm,最大相对误差达0.167,R2在0.95以上,F检验P值大于0.05,且RMSE在2.1以内;模型模拟的土壤体积含水量分布和实测值基本一致,模拟值和实测值的R2在0.90以上,F检验P值大于0.05,RMSE均小于0.07;湿润范围模拟结果和实测结果的吻合度较高。灌水结束后20 h,模拟土壤剖面含水量的分布情况与实测值基本一致,模拟值和实测值R2在0.575~0.652之间,F检验P值大于0.05,RMSE在0.013左右,双点源交汇区整个剖面模拟值和实测值R2为0.526以上,F检验P值大于0.05,RMSE均小于0.01,模拟结果较好,说明Hydrus3D模型可模拟土壤水分再分布情况。     

地表滴灌条件下滴头流量对土壤水分入渗过程的影响

在新疆林业科学院枣树示范基地进行原状土的滴灌入渗试验,研究砂壤土在不同滴头流量条件下地表滴灌湿润体特征值的变化规律。结果表明：地表滴灌条件下,当滴头流量增加时,湿润体的形状大小会随着滴头流量的增大而增大,水平、垂直方向上湿润锋的运移距离随着滴头流量的增加而不断增大;湿润锋的运移速率、入渗距离比值与水分入渗时间符合幂函数关系;湿润锋水平方向的运移速率比垂直方向上的要大,但是持续的运移时间没有垂直方向上的长;土壤含水率的变化随着滴头流量的增加而增加,距离滴头距离越近含水率变化幅度也越大,当q≥8 L·h^-1时,滴头正下方约40 cm左右的土层含水率达到最大值。     

埋深对红壤透水砼渗灌水分运移规律的影响

文中为探索一种新型渗灌灌水器(多孔砼灌水器)在红壤内水分运动规律，研究灌水器不同埋深对入渗效果的影响情况。通过土箱试验研究不同埋深条件下透水砼渗灌入渗特性、湿润锋推移过程，并采用模型进行拟合。结果表明，透水砼渗灌入渗能力随着灌水器埋深的增加而增强，湿润体的形状也由径向转为垂向半椭球型，入渗体体积亦随埋深的增大而变大。结论证明，湿润锋的运移距离与灌水器埋深之间符合幂函数关系(NSE>0.98);模拟值与实测值对比分析认为，Philip模型和Kostiakov模型对累积入渗量的模拟精度均为较高水平，表证模型精度的NSE>0.99、RMSE和ME均低于1,且接近于0;HYDRUS-2D对湿润锋变化和湿润体内含水量模拟可靠性较好，模拟精度受到埋深和入渗时间的影响。     

模拟垄沟灌溉土壤水分入渗特性试验研究

采用土箱进行模拟垄沟灌溉入渗试验,探索垄沟灌溉条件下土壤水分的入渗特性.研究结果表明:垄沟灌溉入渗时,湿润锋水平方向与垂直方向的运移距离与入渗时间呈幂函数正相关,其垂向运移距离明显大干一般沟灌;灌水时沟中与垄坡剖面的含水率迅速增加,再分布过程中在水平向水势梯度的作用下垄上剖面的含水率也不断增加,适当减小垄宽可以减少灌溉...     

膜孔灌灌施条件下硝态氮迁移分布规律研究

利用自行研制的膜孔点源入渗装置,测试膜孔灌灌施条件下硝态氮的迁移和分布规律。结果表明:在肥液连续入渗过程中,硝态氮浓度锋运移与水分湿润锋是一致的;随着距离膜孔中心距离的增加,NO3-N含量减小,在湿润锋位置处土壤NO3-N含量急剧减小到本底值;进入再分布过程后,土壤水分运移速度减慢,整个湿润土体内的含水量分布更加均匀;再分布1~7天内,硝态氮含量略有下降,再分布10天后,硝态氮反硝化作用增强,径向处的反硝化作用弱于垂向处,硝态氮含量明显降低。     

不同湿润比下滴灌土壤入渗特性模拟试验研究

为了研究滴头流量和设计湿润比对土壤水分运移规律及湿润体特性的影响,前期利用粘壤土进行试验研究,然后依据非饱和土壤水动力学理论和滴灌条件下土壤水分运移特征,建立了土壤水分运动模型,利用HYDRUS-3D对不同湿润比下滴灌土壤入渗模型进行求解。通过所建模型,对11个观测点的模拟结果与实测结果进行了对比,得出灌水结束时各观测点模拟与实测含水率的相对误差均小于10%,实测与模拟湿润比的相对误差为4.75%~11.78%。利用所建模型对不同情景下湿润体运移规律进行了模拟,获得了湿润体特征变化规律:滴头流量主要影响水平湿润锋的运移距离,而设计湿润比对垂直湿润锋运移距离的影响较大;滴头流量相同时,设计湿润比越大,湿润体内平均含水率越大,高含水区(含水率0.410 cm~3·cm~(-3))半径也越大;设计湿润比相同时,湿润体内含水率高于0.410 cm~3·cm~(-3)的湿润半径随流量增大而增大。     

负水头供水条件下土壤水分一维入渗规律的研究

将土壤供水头压力控制为负值,测定了垂直入渗、毛管上升和水平入渗3种情况下的土壤吸水过程.发现随供水吸力的增加,垂直入渗、毛管上升和水平入渗过程中湿润峰前进速度和入渗速度的相对差异变小.将入渗速率等于潜在蒸发速率时的湿润厚度定义为临界湿润厚度,计算了潜在蒸散宰为5 mm/d时不同负水头下壤土的临界湿润厚度;确认了垂直、毛管和水平入渗下湿润峰位置与入渗量的关系,将湿润蜂位置-累计入渗量曲线的斜率,印巴湿润土体内入渗水分所占的容积百分数定义为湿润系数,提供了所测壤土的湿润系数-负水头曲线;建立了负水头供水过程中土壤含水量空间分布模型;观察到湿润锋含水量与供水吸力闸的依赖关系.     

压力水头与土壤容重对微润灌溉水分入渗的影响

为探究微润灌溉条件下水分在不同压力水头、不同容重土壤中的入渗情况,通过室内土箱模拟试验,分别设置h=2.0、1.5、1.0 m的压力水头,土壤容重γ分别为1.20、1.30、1.40 g·cm~(-3),测定累计入渗量、湿润锋及土壤含水率3个指标。结果发现,水分累计入渗量与压力水头为正相关关系,与土壤容重为负相关关系;微润管在空气和地埋出流情况下的流量与压力水头均为线性增函数关系,相同压力下,微润管的空气出流量明显大于地埋流量,微润灌溉系统更适宜采用地下埋管方式;湿润锋是以微润管为中心的近似圆形,水平运移距离与垂直向下运移距离均大于垂直向上运移距离,重力对微润灌条件下水分运移有一定的作用,但该作用随着土壤容重的增加逐渐减小;湿润锋运移距离与时间的关系近似为幂函数关系,入渗指数约为0.5;土壤容重越大,水分在土壤中的入渗速率越小,土壤对水分的蓄持能力越弱;经计算,微润灌溉的灌水均匀性符合要求。     

微咸水不同入渗水量土壤水盐运移特征研究

通过室内微咸水积水入渗土壤水盐运移模拟试验,分析了不同灌水量下湿润锋、土壤含水量、土壤含盐量、盐分浓度及Na 、Cl-浓度等的变化特征。研究结果表明,入渗水量与湿润锋呈线性关系,脱盐深度与湿润深度的比值近似为0.342。此外研究结果也显示上层土壤盐分浓度与入渗水矿化度密切相关,因此灌水量大小不仅影响湿润范围,而且直接决定上层土壤盐分含量。     

Effects of biochar on water movement characteristics in sandy soil under drip irrigation

Biochar addition can improve the physical and hydraulic characteristics of sandy soil. This study investigated the effects of biochar on water holding capacity and water movement in sandy soil under drip irrigation. By indoor simulation experiments, the effects of biochar application at five levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 4%and 6%) on the soil water retention curve, infiltration characteristics of drip irrigation and water distribution were tested and analyzed. The results showed thatbiochar addition rate was positively correlated with water holding capacity of sandy soil and soil available water. Within the same infiltration time, with an increasing amount of added biochar, the diffusion distance of the horizontal wetting front (HWF) tended to decrease, but the infiltration distance of vertical wetting front (VWF) initially declined and then rose. The features of wetted bodies changed from "broad-shallow" to "narrow-deep" type. The relationship between the transport distance of HWF and VWF and the infiltration time was described by a power function. At the same distance from the point source, the larger was the amount of added biochar, the higher was the soil water content. Biochar had a great influence on the water content of the layer with biochar (0-200mm) and had some effects at 200-250mm without biochar; but had less influence on the soil water content deeper than 250mm. For the application rate of biochar of 4%, most water was retained within 0-250mm soil layer. However, when biochar application amount was high (6%), it would be helpful for water infiltration. During the improvement of sandy soil, biochar application rate of 4% in the plow layer had the best effect.     

基于HYDRUS-2D的雨水集聚深层入渗系统土壤水分运移模拟

为了解雨水集聚深层入渗(RWCI)系统土壤水分的入渗规律,设置不同灌水量(10 L、21 L和36 L)和RWCI设计坑深(40 cm和60 cm)的室内土箱试验,观测不同灌水量与不同水头变化情况土壤含水率变化和土壤湿润锋在径向和垂直方向上运移过程,依据非饱和土壤水动力学理论,建立HYDRUS-2D变水头边界条件土壤水分二维入渗模型。通过与实测数据对比,结果表明模型模拟值和实测值具有较好一致性:垂向湿润锋相对均方差(R_E)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和纳什系数(NE)分别为0.019、0.011 cm和0.994,径向湿润锋R_E、MAE和NE分别为0.018、0.851 cm和0.977,土壤含水率R_E、MAE和NE分别为0.188、0.016 cm~3·cm~(-3)和0.916。相比于设计深度为40 cm的RWCI系统, 60 cm RWCI系统在不同灌水量下能够更有效地增加果树根系分布层的土壤含水率,增加土壤水分入渗深度;相同灌水量下RWCI系统设计深度的径向湿润锋分布间无明显差异,而垂直方向的分布具有明显差异;RWCI系统在相同的设计深度下,随着灌水量增大湿润锋在垂向与径向的运移距离差异逐渐增大。     

微咸水钠吸附比对土壤理化性质和入渗特性的影响研究

目前微咸水的开发利用成为缓解淡水资源不足的一条重要途径,由于微咸水中含有各种盐分离子,会影响土壤的入渗特性,而且不同的钠吸附比对土壤的影响程度不同。为了分析钠吸附比对土壤入渗能力的影响,在河北省中科院南皮生态试验站进行了一维垂直积水入渗试验研究,在土壤初始含水率均为2.25%、入渗水的矿化度均为3 g/L时,分析不同钠吸附比的微咸水累积入渗量和湿润锋随时间的变化过程,发现二者具有相同的变化规律,用Philip模型进行分析,发现该模型对钠吸附比低于12.56(mmol/L)0.5的微咸水模拟结果较为精确。随着钠吸附比的变化,土壤剖面湿润区的水分运动接近活塞流;土壤含盐量主要受入渗水矿化度的影响,与钠吸附比关系不大。用钠吸附比较高的微咸水进行入渗,在土壤表层发生了Na 对Mg2 和Ca2 的置换作用,并导致表层土壤中钠离子的累积。     

Effects of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation in aeolian sand soil

Aeolian sandy soil in mining areas exhibits intense evaporation and poor water retention capacity. This study was designed to find a suitable biochar application method to improve soil water infiltration and minimize soil water evaporation for aeolian sand soil. Using the indoor soil column method, we studied the effects of three application patterns (A (0-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil), B (0-10 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil and 10-20 cm was soil), and C (0-10 cm was soil and 10-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil)), four application amounts (0% (control, CK), 1%, 2%, and 4% of mixed-based biochar in dry soil), and two particle sizes (0.05-0.25 mm (S1) and <0.05 mm (S2)) of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation of aeolian sandy soil. We separately used five infiltration models (the Philip, Kostiakov, Horton, USDA-NRCS (United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service), and Kostiakov-Lewis models) to fit cumulative infiltration and time. Compared with CK, the application of mixed-based biochar significantly reduced cumulative soil water infiltration. Under application patterns A, B, and C, the higher the application amount and the finer the particle size were, the lower the migration speed of the wetting front. With the same application amount, cumulative soil water infiltration under application pattern A was the lowest. Taking infiltration for 10 min as an example, the reductions of cumulative soil water infiltration under the treatments of A2%_(S2), A4%_(S1), A4%_(S2), A1%_(S1), C2%_(S1), and B1%_(S1) were higher than 30%, which met the requirements of loess soil hydraulic parameters suitable for plant growth. The five infiltration models well fitted the effects of the treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size (R²>0.980), but the R² values of the Horton model exceeded 0.990 for all treatments (except for the treatment B2%_(S2)). Compared with CK, all other treatments reduced cumulative soil water infiltration, except for B4%_(S2). With the same application amount, cumulative soil water evaporation difference between application patterns A and B was small. Treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size caused a larger reduction in cumulative soil water evaporation. The reductions in cumulative soil water evaporation under the treatments of C4%_(S1), C4%_(S2), C2%_(S1), and C2%_(S2) were over 15.00%. Therefore, applying 2% of mixed-based biochar with S1 particle size to the underlying layer (10-20 cm) could improve soil water infiltration while minimizing soil water evaporation. Moreover, application pattern was the main factor affecting soil water infiltration and evaporation. Further, there were interactions among the three influencing factors in the infiltration process (application amount×particle size with the most important interaction), while there were no interactions among them in the evaporation process. The results of this study could contribute to the rational application of mixed-based biochar in aeolian sandy soil and the resource utilization of urban and agricultural wastes in mining areas.