基于Hydrus-2D的红壤区涌泉根灌自由入渗土壤水分运移数值模拟

针对Hydrus-2D软件在红壤区涌泉根灌土壤水分运移模拟的适用性问题，依据非饱和土壤水动力学理论，并结合红壤区涌泉根灌土壤水分运动特征建立了涌泉根灌土壤水分的入渗模型，利用Hydrus-2D软件对模型进行求解，并对湿润锋运移距离以及土壤含水率的模拟值和实测值进行了对比验证。结果表明：在灌水结束时，Hydrus-2D软件对竖直向下方向湿润锋的模拟值和实测值之间相对误差为5.21%，水平方向湿润锋的模拟值和实测值之间相对误差为-7.28%，且湿润锋模拟值和实测值的相关系数(R²)均大于0.980，RMSE均在1.300 cm以内，F检验P值也均大于0.05；在灌水结束时，距离灌水器不同距离处土壤含水率剖面分布的模拟值和实测值基本一致，均表现为随着土层深度的增加而先增大后减小，在距离灌水器不同位置处，Hydrus-2D软件对剖面土壤含水率的模拟值和实测值之间的相对误差均在±10%以内，且土壤含水率的模拟值和实测值相关系数（R²）均大于0.990，RMSE在0.030 cm³·cm^-3以内，F检验P值也均大于0.05。说明模拟值和实测值具有较好的一致性，模拟结果可为红壤区涌泉根灌系统的合理设计及运行提供依据。     

土壤密实度对单点源入渗土壤水分再分布影响研究

滴灌点源供水条件下土壤入渗湿润体变化特征值及其影响因素的研究,是正确设计滴灌系统和对田间作物水分进行高水平管理的前提和基础。文中通过田间膜下滴灌单点源入渗试验,运用AUTOCAD和SURFER软件分析研究土壤密实度对滴灌点源入渗结束24h后湿润体特征值及水分分布规律的影响。结果表明,单点源湿润体特征值随土壤密实度的增大,水平方向距离增大的幅度要比垂向大;水平方向湿润体土壤剖面含水率与水平距离呈二次函数关系,相关系数均为0. 95以上,垂直方向湿润体土壤剖面含水率与垂直距离呈线性函数关系,相关系数均为0. 97以上;土壤密实度的大小对土壤水分再分布后的土壤含水率等值线的疏密程度产生影响,此结论将对下一步研究复杂的双点源交汇入渗以及滴灌点源入渗参数预测模型有理论指导意义。     

滴灌条件下侧柏林地根区土壤水分运动规律研究

在山地造林试验区,选择了5种滴头流量,研究了侧柏林地根区土壤滴灌条件下地表积水区半径、湿润锋水平扩散半径、湿润锋垂直入渗深度、湿润体大小等表征滴灌水分入渗的特征值。分析试验数据表明:地表积水区半径、湿润锋水平扩散半径与灌水延续时间的关系可用对数函数描述;湿润锋垂直入渗深度与灌水延续时间之间的关系可用幂函数描述,树木根系是影响湿润锋垂直入渗的因素之一。在灌水过程中,湿润锋水平扩散速度总大于垂直入渗速度,湿润体为平卧的椭球体。     

埋深对红壤透水砼渗灌水分运移规律的影响

文中为探索一种新型渗灌灌水器(多孔砼灌水器)在红壤内水分运动规律，研究灌水器不同埋深对入渗效果的影响情况。通过土箱试验研究不同埋深条件下透水砼渗灌入渗特性、湿润锋推移过程，并采用模型进行拟合。结果表明，透水砼渗灌入渗能力随着灌水器埋深的增加而增强，湿润体的形状也由径向转为垂向半椭球型，入渗体体积亦随埋深的增大而变大。结论证明，湿润锋的运移距离与灌水器埋深之间符合幂函数关系(NSE>0.98);模拟值与实测值对比分析认为，Philip模型和Kostiakov模型对累积入渗量的模拟精度均为较高水平，表证模型精度的NSE>0.99、RMSE和ME均低于1,且接近于0;HYDRUS-2D对湿润锋变化和湿润体内含水量模拟可靠性较好，模拟精度受到埋深和入渗时间的影响。     

不同灌水技术要素对地表滴灌交汇入渗特性的影响

在米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地进行大田滴灌交汇入渗试验,研究了不同滴头流量、不同间距、灌溉水量等不同灌水技术要素对地表滴灌交汇入渗特性及其湿润体形状的影响.结果表明:湿润体的水平扩散半径、向下入渗深度均随流量的增大而增大,且均与入渗时间有显著的幂函数关系;点源滴灌条件下,滴头流量、灌水量、滴头间距对土壤湿润体大小和形状都有...     

风沙土水分入渗与再分布过程中湿润锋运移试验研究

利用室内模拟试验系统,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地风沙土在滴灌条件下的水分入渗与水分再分布过程中湿润锋的运动规律进行了模拟试验研究。根据模拟试验描述了风沙土在滴灌条件下水分入渗与再分布情况下湿润体的形状变化,研究了在水平方向上与垂直方向上风沙土的湿润锋推进规律及运动特征,揭示了随着累计入渗量的增加,湿润锋推进过程在入渗初期速率较大,逐渐成减小趋势,并最终达到稳定入渗状态;在土壤水分再分布过程中土壤湿润锋面不断向外部推移,最后达到相对稳定;对风沙土水分入渗及再分布过程中其湿润锋的推进距离与时间做了函数关系拟合,其中乘幂函数关系式拟合最好。     

地表滴灌条件下滴头流量对土壤水分入渗—再分布过程的影响

在新疆林业科学院枣树示范基地进行了原状土的树下单点源滴灌试验,研究砂壤土在不同滴头流量条件下(滴头流量分别为8、12、16 L·h~(-1))地表滴灌湿润体特征值的变化规律。结果表明:1停止灌溉时湿润锋呈平卧半椭球体分布,随着滴头流量的增加湿润锋的分布范围逐渐增大,停止灌溉后12 h内各滴头流量下土壤中的水分运移均存在再分布过程,水分再分布后湿润锋呈直立半椭球体分布,湿润体的形状大小受到滴头流量及灌溉总量的影响,湿润锋水平、垂直运移距离与入渗时间存在显著的幂函数关系,决定系数(R~2)均大于0.95;2滴灌初期湿润锋在水平、垂直方向上的运移速率随着滴头流量的增加而增大,随着灌水历时的延长逐渐降低,滴头流量越大入渗距离比也就越大,并且随着灌溉时间的推移入渗距离比值逐渐减小,三种滴头流量下入渗距离比由最初的2~2.27逐渐减小到0.8~0.97;3随着滴头流量的增大湿润体的体积不断增大,湿润体含水量也随之增大,距离滴头越近含水量等值线越密,外围含水量等值线较稀疏,滴头正下方约40 cm处土壤含水量增加值达到最大,再分布后含水量等值线变为稀疏,水平扩散半径增加值较小,垂直方向再分布距离较大。     

基于HYDRUS-2D的雨水集聚深层入渗系统土壤水分运移模拟

为了解雨水集聚深层入渗(RWCI)系统土壤水分的入渗规律,设置不同灌水量(10 L、21 L和36 L)和RWCI设计坑深(40 cm和60 cm)的室内土箱试验,观测不同灌水量与不同水头变化情况土壤含水率变化和土壤湿润锋在径向和垂直方向上运移过程,依据非饱和土壤水动力学理论,建立HYDRUS-2D变水头边界条件土壤水分二维入渗模型。通过与实测数据对比,结果表明模型模拟值和实测值具有较好一致性:垂向湿润锋相对均方差(R_E)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和纳什系数(NE)分别为0.019、0.011 cm和0.994,径向湿润锋R_E、MAE和NE分别为0.018、0.851 cm和0.977,土壤含水率R_E、MAE和NE分别为0.188、0.016 cm~3·cm~(-3)和0.916。相比于设计深度为40 cm的RWCI系统, 60 cm RWCI系统在不同灌水量下能够更有效地增加果树根系分布层的土壤含水率,增加土壤水分入渗深度;相同灌水量下RWCI系统设计深度的径向湿润锋分布间无明显差异,而垂直方向的分布具有明显差异;RWCI系统在相同的设计深度下,随着灌水量增大湿润锋在垂向与径向的运移距离差异逐渐增大。     

膜孔灌充分供水点源入渗研究进展

膜孔入渗为充分供水条件下的空间三维入渗,可分为三种类型:膜孔自由入渗、膜孔单向交汇入渗和膜孔多向交汇入渗。在已有研究成果的基础上,综述了膜孔点源入渗影响因素、入渗模型特性、水分分布特征、湿润体浸润形状、湿润锋运移的规律、数学模型等,提出了膜孔灌今后应研究的主要问题。     

不同流量对滴灌土壤湿润体特征的影响

在米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地进行原状土的滴灌入渗试验,研究了不同流量、不同灌水历时条件下,地表滴灌湿润体特征值的变化规律及滴灌结束时的水分分布规律。结果表明:湿润体的水平和垂直扩散距离均与时间有显著的幂函数关系,相关系数均大于0.99;湿润体的体积及湿润体内土壤含水率的分布同时受滴头流量和灌水量的控制,相同灌水量情况下,湿润体体积随滴头流量的增加而变小,平均含水率变大;并且建立了预测湿润体特征值和湿润体体积的经验模型。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.