Evidence for long-term prevalence of cucumber vein yellowing virus in Sudan and genetic variation of the virus in Sudan and the Mediterranean Basin

Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) is emerging throughout the Mediterranean Basin, where it causes significant damage to cucumber and melon crops. It has been suggested that CVYV originated from the Middle East and has spread only recently to other areas. In this work, an isolate from Sudan was characterized, and surveys performed in that country between 1992 and 2012 revealed a long-term presence of CVYV with a high molecular variability, showing that the virus has long been endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Comparison of the full-length sequences of 11 CVYV isolates from different geographic origins revealed recombination events in CVYV populations from the Mediterranean Basin and the Middle East, and evidence for different selection pressures along the genome. These results shed a new light on the evolution of CVYV.     

田径内涵嬗变与项目沿革新探索

对奥运会田径比赛项目、奥运历史上曾举行过的项目、田径技术、场地、规则、比赛成绩等方面的演变与发展进行新探索。     

Quantitative trait loci for fruit size and flowering time-related traits under domestication and diversifying selection in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

In cucumber, the genetic basis of traits under domestication and/or diversifying selection is not well understood. Here, we reported QTL mapping for flowering time and fruit size-related traits with segregating populations derived from a cultivated × wild cross. Phenotypic data of flowering time (FT), fruit size (FS), fruit number (FN) and fruit weight per plant (FW) were collected in multiple environments. QTL analysis identified 19 QTL for these traits. We found that the major-effect QTL FT1.1 played an important role in regulating flowering time in cultivated cucumber, whereas the minor-effect QTL FT6.3 contributed to photoperiod sensitive flowering time during domestication. Two novel consensus FS QTL, FS1.4 and FS2.3, seem to be the targets of selection during breeding for the US processing cucumber. All other FS QTL were co-localized with previously detected QTL using populations derived from cultivated cucumbers, suggesting that they were under selection during both initial domestication and subsequent improvement. Results from this study also suggested that the wild cucumber is a useful resource for capturing positive transgressive segregation and novel alleles that could be explored in cucumber breeding.     

浙江庆元香菇文化系统景观特征及演变

浙江省庆元县是世界人工栽培香菇的发源地, 2014年庆元香菇文化系统入选中国重要农业文化遗产。农业遗产景观是农业文化遗产在现代生活中最直观的表现,研究遗产地的景观特征和演变状况,有助于深入理解区域景观的状况及影响因素,实现遗产的有效保护和发展。本文运用Landsat 1991年、2001年、2010年和2018年的卫星影像结合实地调研,研究庆元香菇文化系统遗产地的景观现状、特征及结构,分析1991—2018年各景观类型演变规律及可能驱动要素。结果表明:1)遗产地景观类型主要包括森林、耕地、居民地和水体4类,其中森林面积达到1 643.23km~2(86.61%),是优势景观类型。2)区内山高、林密、溪流和菌菇资源丰富,形成了"河流-村落-梯田-森林"的垂直景观结构,并拥有西洋殿、菇寮等独特的香菇文化景观,人类与自然环境和谐共生。3)1991—2018年,遗产地森林面积增加139.28km~2(7.34%),耕地面积减少154.53km~2(8.15%),居民地面积增加11.86km~2(0.63%),水体面积增加3.48km~2(0.18%)。4)景观变化与相关政策密切相关, 20世纪后半期,遗产地森林砍伐严重,森林覆盖率由79.27%降低到77.97%; 21世纪以来,封山育林和生态林业建设使森林覆盖率从77.97%上升至86.61%,退耕还林和城镇化政策则分别促使了耕地面积减少和居民地面积的微弱扩张。总之,浙江庆元香菇文化系统遗产地景观结构独特,得益于当地居民林-菇共育的传统理念、香菇栽培技术的进步和当地森林保护等政策的施行,遗产地森林面积经历轻微的下降后又迅速增加,为遗产保护和传承提供了保障。     

川渝地区地方和育成大豆品种SSR标记多样性分析?

利用基本均匀分布于大豆20条染色体的135对SSR标记，对232份包括6个地方品种地域亚群和1个育成品种亚群进行全基因组扫描。结果表明：所有的标记都有多态性，所有检测到的位点都是纯合基因型，说明所选用品种高度纯合，每个标记存在2～4个等位变异，平均2.66个。亚群多态信息含量变异范围0.2751-0.3165，整个群体为0.3208；亚群内Nei遗传距离变异范围0.325 8～0.359 4，整个群体为0.3711，说明川渝地区大豆遗传变异较小。亚群间的遗传一致度（GI ≥ 0.8862）较高，亚群间遗传距离（GD ≤ 0.1208）较小，地方品种亚群间遗传差异更小，育成品种亚群与自然地域亚群的遗传差异相对较大。亚群间基因分化系数（Fst）平均为 0.0722，基因流（Nm）平均为 3.214，说明不同亚群之间存在一定的基因交流。主坐标分析表明第一、二和三主成分分别解释总变异的4.97%、3.54%和3.33%。来自同一区域的品种资源基本聚集在同一亚群，聚类分析同样表明同一自然地域亚群品种资源虽不能完全聚集到同一个遗传类群中，但具有一定的聚集效应，说明川渝大豆品种资源遗传变异与地理位置有一定的关系。分子方差分析表明亚群内变异占总变异的97%，亚群间变异仅占总变异的3%。Mantel收敛分析表明地方品种自然地域亚群的遗传距离与所处的地理位置距离（纬度和海拔）呈显著的正相关关系（R2=0.723）。川渝地区大豆种质资源群体遗传丰富度不高，当前的育成品种未蕴含本地区所有遗传变异。     

牡丹5个管家基因的克隆及其在系统进化分析中的应用

利用RT-PCR技术从牡丹组7个野生种和1个栽培种中分别克隆得到泛素延伸蛋白基因(ubiquitin,UBI)、素环蛋白基因(cyclophilin,CYP)、肌动蛋白基因(Actin)、葡萄糖六磷酸脱氢酶基因(glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase,G6PD)和β–微管蛋白基因(beta-tubulin,TUB)等5个管家基因的编码序列(coding sequence,CDS)。序列比对分析发现,5个管家基因序列均相对保守,其在牡丹7个野生种和1个栽培种中的保守性在99.04%~99.69%。利用5个管家基因分别构建了其在牡丹组8份材料中的系统进化树。5个系统进化树均将8份材料分成两组,即革质花盘亚组和肉质花盘亚组;由于5个管家基因核苷酸序列各自的保守性不同,在区分亚组成员间略有差异。综合分析5个管家基因构建的系统进化树可知,杨山牡丹(Paeonia ostii)和栽培牡丹(P.suffruticosa‘Luoyanghong’)常聚为一支,二者亲缘关系较近,因而推测杨山牡丹可能参与了栽培牡丹的形成;紫斑牡丹(P.rockii)和四川牡丹(P.decomposita)一直聚为一支,推测二者亲缘关系较近;黄牡丹(P.lutea)和紫牡丹(P.delavayi)一直聚为一支,推测这二者亲缘关系较近。狭叶牡丹(P.potaninii)与黄牡丹和紫牡丹分化较早,结合前人研究结果建议将狭叶牡丹作为一个独立的种。     

Analysis on Genetic Diversity and Phyletic Evolution of mtDNA Cytb Gene in Zhongdian Yak

In order to investigate the genetic diversity and the origin of evolutionary relationship of Zhongdian yak,we analyzed the complete sequence of 15 individuals Cytb gene,its sequence polymorphism was analyzed,and the phylogenetic tree was constructed.The results showed that the length of the nucleotide sequence were 1 140 bp,with nucleotide frequencies of 26.3%,31.8%,13.1% and 28.8% for T,A,G and C,respectively.Three haplotypes were identified of 15 individuals,with 3 polymorphic sites,including two conversions,one transversion,haplotype diversity was 0.2571 and nucleotide diversity was 0.00035.Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Zhongdian yak and Bos mutusc clustered firstly,then gathered with Bison bison,which indicated that there were high genetic similarity and closer genetic relationship,genetic similarity with other cattle genus was relatively low.Combining with the proof of molecular biology and paleontology,the result supported the point that Bos grunniens and Bos mutus were classified as an alone genus in Bovinae.     

我国抹茶文化的历史渊源与发展历程

抹茶,起源于中国,兴于唐而盛于宋,在中国茶文化里占据了重要的一席之地。本文简要介绍抹茶的定义、抹茶的保健功效、历史沿革,以及我国抹茶的发展历程,并探讨其研究利用的发展前景,以期为抹茶的进一步开发和利用提供参考。     

茶叶生产格局演变及空间集聚效应研究——以广东省为例

明确茶叶生产格局的演变特征和集聚效应,对广东省茶叶产业规划布局具有重要意义。引入空间重心模型,运用GIS技术和空间自相关分析方法分析广东省茶叶生产格局的演变过程、演变特征,采用空间自相关分析探究茶叶生产的空间集聚效应,研究结果表明：（1）1992—2017年广东省茶叶种植面积和茶叶产量稳步提升,2008年以后增速较为明显;（2）茶叶生产空间差异明显。粤北和粤东地区茶叶种植总面积占到广东全省的85%以上,茶叶产量占到83%以上,粤西和珠三角缩减较为明显;（3）广东省茶叶生产重心具有整体向东偏北迁移的趋势。茶园面积和茶叶产量重心的东移反映出广东省茶叶生产已呈现逐渐向粤东和粤北地区集聚的态势;（4）广东省茶叶生产空间极化和空间溢出作用显著,已经形成了以饶平、潮安、大埔、丰顺、五华、兴宁、英德、东源等县区的茶叶生产集聚区,构成了广东省茶叶生产的“热点区”,并对周边县市产生带动和刺激效应;（5）地理环境等自然因素是茶园规模扩张的基础,政府的政策激励和支持是茶叶产业形成的重要驱动力,巨大的市场消费力是茶叶产业迅速发展的直接因素,新品种和新技术的应用和推广是茶园面积扩张的重要原因。广东省茶叶生产空间集聚效应进一步增强,应根据地区自然资源、地理条件、种植传统等因素,推进茶叶生产区域集群化发展,提升广东茶叶的市场竞争力。     

新疆春小麦育成品种遗传演变分析

【目的】研究新疆春小麦育成品种遗传演变规律,提高小麦资源的利用效率,为新疆春小麦品种选育和改良提供参考依据。【方法】以新疆春小麦育成品种为材料,对其主要性状进行综合评价分析,以春小麦90K芯片开展新疆春小麦育成种亲缘关系分析。【结果】新疆春小麦育成种遗传多样性丰富,平均遗传多样性指数2.005,变幅为1.902~2.181。相关性分析结果表明,蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、穗粒数与育种年代呈极显著正相关。新疆春小麦品种选育主要是通过常规杂交育种、杂交辐射诱变育种、引种3种方式。利用小麦90K芯片将新疆春小麦育成种划分为3个类群,显示了各品种之间的亲缘关系。【结论】新疆春小麦育种遗传基础薄弱、遗传多样性逐渐散失,新疆小麦育种应加强资源收集与利用,扩大育种亲本选择,提高品种变异的丰度和广度,以多抗、高产稳产、优质高效的聚合育种,加快新品种选育进程,提高育种效率。