果菜类蔬菜早熟性育种研究进展

早熟性是蔬菜作物育种的重要指标,对农业增产和农民增收意义重大。本文对果菜类蔬菜早熟性评价指标,早熟性相关农艺性状和早熟性育种方法三个方面的研究进展进行综述,并对基因工程辅助早熟育种进行了展望。     

Estimation of Crown Temperature of Winter Wheat and the Effect on Simulation of Frost Tolerance

Accurate estimation of winter wheat frost kill in cold‐temperate agricultural regions is limited by lack of data on soil temperature at wheat crown depth, which determines winter survival. We compared the ability of four models of differing complexity to predict observed soil temperature at 2 cm depth during two winter seasons (2013‐14 and 2014‐15) at Ultuna, Sweden, and at 1 cm depth at Ilseng and Ås, Norway. Predicted and observed soil temperature at 2 cm depth was then used in FROSTOL model simulations of the frost tolerance of winter wheat at Ultuna. Compared with the observed soil temperature at 2 cm depth, soil temperature was better predicted by detailed models than simpler models for both seasons at Ultuna. The LT50 (temperature at which 50 % of plants die) predictions from FROSTOL model simulations using input from the most detailed soil temperature model agreed better with LT50 FROSTOL outputs from observed soil temperature than what LT50 FROSTOL predictions using temperature from simpler models did. These results highlight the need for simpler temperature prediction tools to be further improved when used to evaluate winter wheat frost kill.     

低纬高原山区暖冬年与冷冬年油菜品种稳定性和适应性对比分析

为有效评价并推荐丰产性、稳产性和适应性好的山地油菜品种在低纬高原山区推广应用,采用灰色关联度、AMMI模型和模糊聚类等分析方法,对玉溪市典型的暖冬年(2012年)与冷冬年(2015年)4个不同海拔试点的7个参试油菜品种进行稳定性和适应性对比分析。结果表明:(1)暖冬年和冷冬年主要气象因子与油菜产量的关联度有明显差异;(2)AMMI模型中暖冬年的基因、基因与环境互作两者方差分量均显著高于冷冬年,而环境方差分量则明显低于冷冬年;(3)基因型与环境间的互作对暖冬年与冷冬年的主要农艺性状影响存在较大差异。低纬高原山区应主推‘云花油早熟1号’、‘花油6号’、‘玉红油1号’和‘花油5号’等优质油菜品种。     

羊群四季放牧要点

羊具有适应性强、吸收和消化性能好、能抵御外界病原微生物的入侵,非常适合进行放牧饲养。通过合理放牧不仅可节省大量的饲草成本,还可将牧草中粗纤维、蛋白质和能量进行很好的消化和系统,满足机体生长发育的需要。但是在放牧中应根据季节的变换合理进行放牧活动,不仅促进机体膘情增长、适时增肥、发情和配种,提高羊群繁殖能力,同时还可根据牧场面积科学放牧,达到保护牧场草原的目的。该文主要论述羊群四季放牧的要点。     

春黄瓜强优势早熟杂交组合亲本系的特征及早期产量预测

杂交组合是否具有强早熟杂种优势,在很大程度上取决于双亲的结构特征.亲本越晚熟,F_1越易产生早熟超均优势,随着亲本熟性逐渐提早,F_1早熟超均优势削弱,超过某一极限则导致负向优势.但早熟超标优势与其亲本早期产量呈极显著正相关.与双亲差值呈负相关.此外,次级性状也存在类似现象,客观上存在优势转折的极限.总之.强早熟优势组合亲本系应具有如下特征:①早期产量高,采瓜数多;②早期主蔓雌花数多;③早期主蔓座果率高;④瓜条发育速度快;⑤无效分枝少;⑥早期叶面积小;⑦在营养生长正常的基础上初花期叶片数少;⑧开花期早;⑨第一雌花节位低.亲本系与F_1显著的相关为预测F_1早熟性奠定了基础.采用多元回归法,由13个性状的双亲均值预测F_1早期产量,多元决定系数高达98.34%,具有很高的准确性.多元逐步回归将参与预测的自变量减少到6个性状,多元决定系数达80.01%.     

不同灌溉方式下冬小麦穗部性状与产量关系的试验研究

采用田间试验,以豫麦69为试验材料,研究了不同水分处理下常规灌溉和一体化垄作沟灌的冬小麦产量与穗部性状的相互关系。结果表明,同常规灌溉方式相比,一体化垄作沟灌方式下,冬小麦的穗粒数、籽粒质量及产量分别增加了5.5356%、7.5489%、7.7454%,但穗数减少了0.4302%。常规灌溉和一体化垄作沟灌方式下,产量与穗数、穗粒数以及籽粒质量均正相关,但一体化垄作沟灌方式下的相关系数较常规灌溉方式大。一体化垄作灌溉有利于改善农田小气候、发挥作物的边行优势和提高小麦产量。     

一个水稻三倍体×二倍体杂交F2群体的微卫星杂合性丧失

DB102为一田间发现的三倍体水稻,利用它做母本与二倍体水稻中作59杂交,得到一个早世代(F2)稳定群体,通过微卫星分析发现,该群体中有一些微卫星位点发生了杂合性丧失,且至少6条染色体上发生微卫星位点杂合性丧失(loss of heterzygoisity LOH)可能有DNA序列变化。而微卫星位点的杂合性丧失又可能与该杂交组合早世代稳定有关。     

氮肥配施生物炭和脲酶抑制剂对夏玉米-冬小麦产量及氮素利用的影响

于2019—2021年采用再裂区设计,设置氮肥、生物炭和脲酶抑制剂3个因素,主处理设5个氮水平：0、75、150、225 kg·hm^-2和300 kg·hm^-2,副处理设2个生物炭水平：0 t·hm^-2和7.5 t·hm^-2,副副处理设2个脲酶抑制剂水平：0%和2%,共20个处理,研究氮肥配施生物炭和脲酶抑制剂对夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系作物产量和氮肥吸收利用的影响。结果表明,施用生物炭显著提高夏玉米和冬小麦产量、植株氮素吸收量、氮肥表观利用率、氮素收获指数以及夏玉米地上部生物量,较不施生物炭处理分别增加4.4%和2.9%、2.3%和3.0%、25.8%和13.5%、4.9%和6.1%、4.5%;氮肥单独配施生物炭可显著提高夏玉米和冬小麦产量、植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,且氮肥和生物炭具有显著的交互效应。施用脲酶抑制剂显著增加夏玉米植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,较不施脲酶抑制剂处理分别提高1.5%和3.0%;氮肥单独配施脲酶抑制剂可提高夏玉米植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,但氮肥与脲酶抑制剂无显著...     

冬春季异常天气对枇杷生长发育影响

本试验筛选出连阴雨年份（2018～2019）、“暖冬”年份（2019～2020）以及未出现上述异常天气的对照（ck）年份（2017～2018）3个枇杷花果期发育年份,将各年份枇杷发育期,果实产量、品质数据等观测指标分析：（1）冬季连阴雨年份花期缩短,但由于该年度未有低于-3℃冻害影响,对后期果实膨大幼果生长发育等关键生育期均无明显影响;暖冬年份春芽开放期较对照年份提前了两周左右,果实成熟期较上两个年度提前了5～6d,其它发育期受非冻害的冬春季异常天气影响不明显;（2）暖冬和连阴雨年份等冬春季非冻害异常天气,对枇杷产量影响较少,甚至还带来一定程度增产,侧面反映冬春季制约枇杷产量的主要因素还是冻害;（3）从果实生长曲线和果实品质对比发现,果实的膨大和果实品质的产生主要受4月之后的天气条件影响,前期的异常天气对膨大后果实发育和果实品质影响有限。故在保证花期不受冻害的条件下,重点调控果实进入迅速膨大期后的4～5月份温、湿、光照等气象要素条件,有助于调控果实品质。     

The post-ovulatory rise in progesterone is lower and the persistence of oestrous behaviour longer during the first compared with the second cycle of the breeding season in mares

Mares are seasonally polyoestrous breeders. Therefore, the first ovulation of the season, following winter anoestrus, is the only cycle in which mares ovulate without the presence of an old CL from the previous cycle. The objective of this study was to compare the length of oestrous behaviour, and plasma progesterone concentrations during the early post-ovulatory period between mares after the first and second ovulation of the breeding season. Overall, 38 mares and 167 oestrous periods were used in the study. From those, 11 mares were used during the first and subsequent oestrous period to measure and compare the post-ovulatory rise in progesterone concentration, whereas all the mares were used to compare the length of the post-ovulatory oestrous behaviour between the first and subsequent cycles of the breeding season. The persistence of the post-ovulatory oestrus was longer (p < .001) following the first ovulation of the year (median of 52 h) compared with the subsequent ovulations (median of 36 h for second and later ovulations groups; n = 38 mares). The progesterone concentration at any of the four 8 h-intervals analysed (28, 36, 76 and 84 h post-ovulation) was lower (p < .01) following the first versus the second ovulation of the year. By 36 h post-ovulation the progesterone concentration of mares at the second ovulation of the year had passed the threshold of 2 ng/ml (2.1 ± 0.33 ng/ml), whereas in the first cycle it was 1.2 ± 0.13 ng/ml. In conclusion, mares had lower progesterone concentrations in their peripheral circulation and longer persistence of oestrous behaviour following the first ovulation of the year compared with the second and subsequent ovulatory periods of the breeding season.