降雨类型与坡度对棕壤垄沟系统产流产沙的影响

为深入理解棕壤垄作坡耕地的土壤侵蚀机理,利用1.60 m×0.53 m的试验土槽,设计2个降雨类型,即增强型(70～70～100～100 mm/h)和减弱型(100～100～70～70 mm/h),以及2个坡度(9°和18°)的人工模拟降雨试验。每个雨型分2个阶段(阶段I、阶段II),每个阶段进行相同雨强的2个场次降雨,每个场次降雨历时20 min。结果表明:(1)雨强对径流量呈显著影响(P0.05),100 mm/h雨强下的径流量70 mm/h时的径流量。在减弱型雨型下,坡度对径流量影响显著(P0.05),而增强型雨型下在不同阶段坡度对径流量的影响不同。(2)雨强对产沙量的影响显著(P0.05),在阶段Ⅰ降雨中,100 mm/h雨强下9°和18°坡面的平均每分钟产沙量分别为70 mm/h雨强下的23.98,9.07倍。在70 mm/h雨强下,坡度对产沙量的影响显著(P0.05),而100 mm/h雨强下不同阶段坡度对径流量的影响具有差异性。(3)100 mm/h雨强在不同雨型中出现的时序对产沙量影响不显著(P0.05);在70 mm/h雨强下,产沙量整体较小,基本在15 g/min以下。同一雨强在不同雨型中的时序对径流量均存在显著影响(P0.05)。(4)总径流量从大到小依次为:9°减弱型18°减弱型9°增强型18°增强型;总产沙量从大到小依次为:18°增强型18°减弱型9°减弱型9°增强型。不同雨型下,雨强发生改变后,累计径流量和累计产沙量增加速率和雨强的改变具有一致性。     

植保无人机旋翼风场模型与雾滴运动机理研究进展

近几年，植保无人机施药技术在中国获得广泛应用，并逐渐发展为国内主要植保技术之一。但由于对植保无人机施药技术基础理论研究不够深入，相关机理尚不明晰，且植保无人机作业平台的稳定性依然有待提高，导致国内植保无人机施药效果不够理想。深入研究植保无人机施药技术的基础理论，理论结合试验结果共同指导植保无人机田间施药是提高其施药效果的经典方法。该研究综述了植保无人机旋翼风场分布特性、雾滴与无人机旋翼风场交互机理、雾滴沉降与飘移机理、雾滴与叶片表面的交互机理及雾滴分散和蒸发特性等植保无人机施药技术基础理论及其模型构建情况的国内外研究现状，并结合其基础理论与模型构建的国内外研究现状，给出植保无人机施药技术的未来发展建议，以期为植保无人机施药技术的发展提供参考。     

Finsler 流形的 Cartan 型1形式的一些性质

给出了 Cartan 型1形式的外微分与 Bott 陈联络的曲率之间的关系，探讨了其与畸变、 S 曲率之间的关系，证明了 Berwald 流形的 Cartan 型1形式为恰当形式。利用 Cartan 型1形式构造了 Finsler 流形的射影球丛上的一个 Randers 度量，证明该度量为 Landsberg 度量的充要条件是底流形为 Riemann 流形。证明了 Cartan 型1形式及Cartan 1形式的对偶向量场为共型向量场的充要条件是底流形为 Riemman 流形。     

气候变化对呼伦贝尔草地地上生物量的影响

基于温、压、湿、风等主要气象资料,结合生长季逐月的地上生物量实测数据,分析气候变化及气候年型对牧草产量形成的影响,结果表明：（1）两站降水量呈波动变化,无明显的变化趋势;（2）额尔古纳和鄂温克的年均气温呈显著升高的趋势,气温倾向率分别为0.348℃/10 a、0.444℃/10 a,增温速率均明显高于同期中国东北地区,其中,鄂温克的增温速率高于中国增温最迅速的青藏地区;（3）额尔古纳和鄂温克潜在蒸散量呈波动升高的趋势;（4）两站湿润度呈显著的波动下降趋势,气候呈较明显的变干燥趋势;（5）湿润状况影响两站地上生物量形成,气候偏旱年草原地上生物量的形成会受到显著的抑制,两站草地地上生物量均与当月及上个月的湿润度指数呈线性回归关系。     

植保无人机在江苏农垦稻麦病虫草害防治中的应用及展望

植保无人机作为一种新型施药工具,以作业高效安全、节水省药环保等特点于近几年迅速发展,并已广泛应用于农作物病虫草害防治。本综述重点对我国植保无人机的施药发展现状、近年来江苏农垦植保无人机的应用情况和植保无人机应用过程中存在的问题进行阐述,并对植保无人机应用的未来发展趋势进行展望。     

雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒强毒在感染鸭胚体内形态发生学和宿主细胞超微病理学研究

将雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒（NGVEV）强毒CH株经尿囊腔途径人工感染10日龄鸭胚,应用透射电镜和超薄切片技术研究病毒在宿主细胞内的形态发生及各组织器官的超微结构变化。结果表明：感染后不同时间剖杀及死亡鸭胚的尿囊膜、肠、心、肝、脑和肌胃组织中,均观察到60～70nm的病毒粒子。病毒粒子主要通过与细胞膜融合而进入细胞质内,然后在细胞核内进行复制和装配。最后病毒粒子通过核膜和细胞膜破裂的方式被释放。病毒侵害的主要靶细胞包括鸭胚尿囊膜上皮细胞、肠上皮细胞、肠道平滑肌细胞、成纤维细胞、肝细胞、肌胃黏膜上皮细胞和心肌细胞等,表现为细胞核内外膜间隙严重扩张,细胞质整体结构严重空化。病毒侵害的主要靶细胞器包括粗面内质网和线粒体,表现为粗面内质网扩张呈囊状;尿囊膜上皮细胞的线粒体出现固缩和异常聚集变化,而其他组织细胞的线粒体均表现为肿胀和嵴断裂、消失。本试验还发现NGVEV可诱导宿主细胞发生严重的细胞凋亡现象,表现为细胞皱缩,胞核内染色质密度增高,核固缩成一个或数个团块凝聚在核膜周边,胞质浓缩深染并形成凋亡小体。     

Changes in peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations in piglets co-infected experimentally with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are pathogens, which can significantly affect the swine industry worldwide. Field surveys suggest that simultaneous PRRSV and PCV2 infection is common in pigs. The objective of this study was to measure the changes in peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations in piglets co-infected experimentally with PRRSV and PCV2, in order to analyze the synergistic influence of co-infection on the immune system. Changes in peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations were systematically measured by flow cytometry (FCM). The levels of antibodies to PRRSV and PCV2 were detected by indirect Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA), respectively. Serum viral loads were measured using real-time PCR. The results showed that piglets co-infected with PRRSV and PCV2 exhibited slower generation and lower levels of antibodies to PRRSV and PCV2, and increased amounts and a prolonged presence of both PRRSV and PCV2 in serum, in comparison to the piglets infected with either virus alone. The major finding in our study was that the total and differential leukocyte counts, including white blood cells (WBCs), monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes (T, B and NK cells, as well as T-cell subpopulations), dramatically decreased early during co-infection with PRRSV and PCV2 for about two weeks, in contrast with animals singly infected with either PRRSV or PCV2. These results suggest that PRRSV and PCV2 co-infection results in a synergistic decrease in immune cells in the peripheral blood of piglets. These data contribute to the understanding of the immunosuppressive effects resulting from PRRSV and PCV2 co-infection in pigs.     

A Case of Wound Botulism in a Foal Affected by Gastric Ulcers in Italy

The case of a 50-day-old Thoroughbred foal affected by sudden muscular weakness and failure to swallow associated with recumbency is described. The clinical picture suggested a diagnosis of botulism. At necropsy, nonglandular gastric mucosa presented deep ulcerations. No other macroscopic nor microscopic lesions were detected. Clostridium botulinum type B was isolated from the lesions of gastric mucosa, whereas the cecal and colonic content, assayed for both spores and toxins, were negative. Moreover, analyses of all potential environmental sources of toxins near the feeding areas were negative. It was concluded that the colonization of gastric ulcers may have contributed to this unusual case of botulism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of botulism in horses reported in Italy, which is also the first case anywhere of wound botulism caused by infection of gastric mucosa lesions.     

Effect of feed type and essential oil product on equine chewing activity

The ingestive and post-digestion effect of a blend of special essential oil compounds (EO) on eating, chewing and faecal parameters were measured in horses. Ingestive effects appear after no adaptation. Post-digestion effects appear after adaptation. Six Icelandic horses were assigned to two groups in a Latin Square subplot design with EO treatments to four different roughage types and four different concentrates. The horses were fed four different roughage meals and two different concentrate meals on each of the four sampling days. Eating time and saliva were observed during meals. Jaw movements (JM) were recorded using a special chewing halter. Eating time was derived from JM and related to DM intake. The size characteristics of faecal particles were measured by using image analysis. All chewing characteristics measured were significantly affected by roughage (p < 0.001) and concentrate type (p < 0.01). EO had a significant ingestive effect on the frequency of observed saliva during concentrate meals. No significant (p < 0.05) post-digestive or ingestive effect of EO was found for any measured chewing characteristic, which was reflected in the absence of effect on faecal particle dimensions. In conclusion, effect of type of roughage and concentrate was more significant than potential effects of EO.     

Influence of amount and type of dietary fat on deposition, adipocyte count and iodine number of abdominal fat in broiler chickens

This study described the relation between the type and amount of dietary fat on the deposition of abdominal fat by broiler chickens. It was hypothesized that at higher fat intakes, the well-known lowering effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the deposition of abdominal fat would be diminished. Experimental diets were formulated to contain three levels of added fat (3%, 6% and 9%). Each level had different proportions of the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) by installing the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 with the use of tallow and soybean oil. Arbor Acres chicks, aged 7 days, were fed one of the 15 experimental diets until they were aged 42 days. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. There was no systematic effect of the dietary fat type and the amount on the weight gain and the feed intake. The lowest SFA:UFA ratio of 1:5 produced the lowest feed conversion rates, irrespective of the amount of the fat in the diet. The abdominal fat deposition was similar in the birds fed on diets containing either 3% or 6% added fat, but deposition was lower than in those fed 9% fat. A decrease in the SFA:UFA ratio of the diet was associated with a dose-dependent decrease in abdominal fat, irrespective of the amount of fat in the diet. This observation leads to the rejection of the hypothesis stated above. A decrease in the dietary SFA:UFA from 1:1 to 1:4 caused a decrease in the number of the fat cells per surface unit of breast meat. It is concluded that an increased intake of soybean oil at the expense of tallow reduced the abdominal fat deposition and the number of fat cells in the breast meat of broiler chickens.