Straw management and optimal N fertilization in seed production of timothy (Phleum Pratense L.) and Meadow Fescue (Festuca Pratensis Huds.)

The market for herbage seed straw has diminished in many seed-production areas due to less livestock. Seed growers are therefore looking for alternatives to straw removal, which up to now has been the most common practice. During 2000–2006, different alternative straw chopping methods, both at the back of the combiner and with a tractor-mounted flail-chopper, and field burning strategies were evaluated in seed crops of timothy (Phleum pratense) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) in southeast Norway. The requirement for an extra N input in autumn (30–40?kg ha^-1) when practising straw chopping was also examined. Compared to straw removal, straw chopping at the back of the combiner during seed harvest did not reduce seed yield in the following year as long as stubble height was low (<10?cm in timothy) and the straw spread uniformly in the field. On average, seed yield was 1–4% and 1–9% higher compared to straw removal in timothy and meadow fescue, respectively. If the chopped straw was spread unevenly, or long stubble was left at combining, it is recommended to use a tractor-mounted flail-chopper after harvest. The experiments did not provide any support for an extra input of nitrogen in autumn, either in timothy or meadow fescue, when the straw was chopped rather than removed. Burning of stubble and straw soon after seed harvest was another efficient clean-up method after harvest, which increased seed yield 9–15% and 17–20% compared to straw removal in the two species, respectively. However, as the burning method is risky and causes smoke emissions, it is normally not recommended. It is concluded that for most seed growers, the most effective, least laborious and most environment-friendly alternative to straw removal will be to chop the straw at the back of the combiner during seed harvest.     

超高效液相色谱法测定土壤中多杀菌素和乙基多杀菌素的残留

建立了土壤中多杀菌素(spinosad)A和D以及乙基多杀菌素(spinetoram)J和L残留量的超高效液相色谱(UPLC)检测方法。土壤样品经乙腈-5%氯化钠溶液-1 mol/L氢氧化钾溶液提取,固相萃取柱净化,UPLC检测,外标法定量。结果表明:土壤中多杀菌素和乙基多杀菌素的定量限分别为0.1和0.05 mg/kg;最小检出量分别为8.0×10-7和2.8×10-7g;在0.1~2 mg/kg添加水平下,多杀菌素在土壤中的平均回收率为89%~96%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为2.1%~4.9%;在0.05~0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,乙基多杀菌素在土壤中的平均回收率为86%~93%,RSDs为1.2%~8.1%。该方法提取效果好,具有良好的灵敏度、回收率和重复性。     

分子印迹-基质固相分散萃取-高效液相色谱法测定土壤中4种硫代磷酸酯类农药残留量

建立了一种高效、选择性强的分子印迹-基质固相分散萃取结合高效液相色谱测定土壤中4种硫代磷酸酯类农药(毒死蜱、甲基立枯磷、甲基毒死蜱、甲基对硫磷)残留量的方法;并以甲基立枯磷为模板分子,以甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,且n(模板分子)∶n(功能单体)=1∶4,以乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂,以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,采用沉淀印迹聚合方法,合成了甲基立枯磷高分子印迹聚合微球(MIPs);以MIPs作为土壤样品提取液的基质固相分散吸附剂,采用HPLC检测处理后的样品,流动相为V(乙睛)∶V(0.1%乙酸水溶液)=3∶1,流速0.8 m L/min,进样量20μL,检测波长210 nm,采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C8色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温25℃。结果显示:MIPs对甲基立枯磷有特异性吸附,对其结构相似物毒死蜱、甲基对硫磷和甲基毒死蜱也具有一定的吸附性能;在0.01~5.0 mg/kg范围内,各药剂的质量浓度与相应的峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r为0.997 5~0.999 8;4种硫代磷酸酯类有机磷杀虫剂的检出限(LOD)为0.452~1.226μg/kg;添加回收率为76%~96%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.8%~7.3%。该方法可用于土壤中硫代磷酸酯类有机磷杀虫剂残留量的测定。     

国际食品法典2015至2019年农药评估优先列表评介

为了解国际食品法典委员会(CAC)农药最大残留限量(MRLs)制定最新动向,文章介绍了2015—2019年CAC的农药评估优先列表,就未来5年内CAC将评估的新化合物、新用途及再评估的化合物进行了总结评述,并对这些化合物在我国的登记情况进行了分析,以供有意向国际食品法典委员会农药残留专家联席会议(JMPR)提交数据的政府或相关企业、以及国内关注国际农药残留限量标准制定进展的相关科研机构参考。同时,文章对我国应如何参与国际残留限量标准制定工作提出了建议,认为我国可通过提交扩大农药使用范围数据,加强我国农药在小作物上的登记,从而促进农产品的出口。     

国际上农药残留物定义的制定原则综述

建立完善的农药残留标准与监管体系是确保良好农业规范正确实施、保障农产品安全及人体健康的重要措施。文章就国际上不同监管体系中农药残留物定义的一般性原则、残留物定义的组成及各国的不同规定等进行了阐述,明确了农药残留物定义的组成、分类及目的,同时简要介绍了我国目前农药残留物定义制定现状及国际发展新趋势,旨在为进一步规范我国农药残留物定义的制定及市场农药残留监管提供参考。     

新型杀菌剂苯菌酮在3种典型土壤中的淋溶行为

农药在土壤中的淋溶规律已成为研究热点之一,同时也是农药登记的必备数据。建立了土壤中苯菌酮残留量的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法,并通过土壤薄层层析和土柱淋溶试验,研究了苯菌酮在我国3种典型土壤中的淋溶行为。结果表明:苯菌酮在3种土壤中的平均添加回收率在81%~109%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~13.4%,检出限(LOD)为0.29~0.30μg/kg。薄层层析试验表明,苯菌酮在河北潮土、湖南红壤和黑龙江黑土中的比移值(Rf)分别为0.17、0.26和0.15。土柱淋溶试验表明,苯菌酮在河北潮土、湖南红壤及黑龙江黑土第1段(0~10 cm)土柱中的含量比例(R1)分别为原始添加量的99%、80%和99%。根据我国化学农药环境安全评价标准,苯菌酮在3种土壤中的迁移特性均为不易移动,因此不易对地下水造成污染。研究结果可为苯菌酮在我国登记以及其安全使用提供基础数据。     

Low disturbance seeding suppresses weeds in no‐tillage soyabean

Germination is a key process in the dynamics of weed populations. In no‐tillage systems, crop seeding is often found to induce seed germination in the seeding strip. In this research, experiments to investigate options for reducing weed seedling establishment were conducted in no‐till soyabean fields located in two sites in south Brazil. A first experiment revealed that a reduction in emergence of some important weed species can be achieved by lowering seeding speed. Further experiments showed the ability of a modified seeder to contribute to an additional reduction in weed establishment. On the modified seeder, coulter discs were equipped with lateral blades, to diminish soil disturbance and to maintain a uniform soil cover by properly cutting the mulch layer. In a field with a high level of residues, the modified seeder, in contrast to the standard seeder, prevented the increase of soil exposure when seeding at high speed. The predominant weeds were annual species. Averaged over all seeding rates, the new equipment led to a 56% reduction in within‐row weed density, compared with the standard seeder. Regardless of seeder type, overall weed density increased with seeding speed, but with the modified seeder, this increase was only half that of the standard seeder. The modified seeder reduced weed biomass by 30% and increased soyabean grain yield by 42%. The research demonstrated that relatively simple changes, like a minor modification to a seeder and a lower seeding speed, can contribute to more diverse and sustainable alternatives to predominantly chemical‐oriented weed management strategies.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测棉花和土壤中呋虫胺残留

在QuEChERS方法基础上,建立了棉花和土壤中呋虫胺残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速检测分析方法。方法选用乙腈为提取剂,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)和石墨化炭黑(GCB)为净化剂,外标法定量。添加回收试验结果表明,不同添加浓度的呋虫胺(0.01、0.05和0.5mg/kg)在棉花植株、棉籽和土壤中的平均回收率为80.9%~107.5%,变异系数为3.3%~10.3%,定量限(LOQ)分别为4.81、3.41和2.26μg/kg。呋虫胺在棉花植株上的消解动态表明,呋虫胺在河南省和山东省两地棉花植株中的降解半衰期分别为1.9d和1.2d。     

秸秆集中深还田两年后对土壤主要性状及玉米根系的影响

采用翻转犁开沟的方式,在秋收后将秸秆集中深还田,探讨该模式实施两年后对土壤主要理化性质及玉米根系的影响。结果表明,随着秸秆还田量的增加,各层次土壤容重较CK处理降低了2.42%~10.67%;土壤含水量较CK处理增加了3.99%~14.68%;土壤有机质及全氮含量较CK处理均有显著提高,提高幅度分别为4.34%~97.97%、1.53%~44.36%;玉米根系总根长、总根表面积、总根体积以及平均根系直径均大于CK处理,以12 000 kg·hm-2处理效果最为显著。综上,秸秆集中深还田对降低土壤容重,提高土壤蓄水量、有机质和氮素含量,促进根系生长效应明显。     

超高效液相色谱质谱联用检测苹果和土壤中丙撑硫脲的残留分析方法

建立了丙撑硫脲在苹果和土壤中的残留分析方法。样品经提取乙腈提取、PSA净化后质谱检测器检测。结果表明:添加质量分数为0.01~0.5mg/kg时,丙撑硫脲在苹果和土壤中平均添加回收率分别为76.5%~98.3%和84.9%~99.0%,相对标准偏差分别为3.1%~4.9%和3.2%~9.0%。丙撑硫脲在苹果中的最低检出质量分数为0.01mg/kg。该方法快速简便,准确可靠。