气相色谱-质谱法测定乙螨唑在苹果和土壤中的残留及消解动态

采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法,测定了乙螨唑在苹果和土壤中的残留及消解动态。土壤样品经丙酮提取,苹果样品经V(丙酮)∶V(乙酸乙酯)=1∶1混合溶液提取,两者均无需净化,采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)仪测定。结果表明:在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,乙螨唑在苹果中的平均回收率为93%~96%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.8%~8.0%;在土壤中的平均回收率为91%~104%,RSD为0.70%~8.3%;最小检出量为0.001 ng,最低检测浓度为0.01 mg/kg。国际食品法典委员会(CAC)、中国和美国均未制定乙螨唑在苹果上的最大残留限量值(MRL),日本规定乙螨唑在苹果上的MRL值为2.0 mg/kg。本研究参考日本规定,采用150 g/L乙螨唑悬浮剂按有效成分30 mg/L剂量(推荐剂量的1.5倍)施药,其在苹果和土壤中的半衰期分别为7.4~14.2 d和4.2~18.1 d,施药后21 d苹果中乙螨唑的最终残留量≤1.65 mg/kg。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测马铃薯及土壤中吲唑磺菌胺的残留

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测马铃薯及土壤中吲唑磺菌胺的残留及消解动态。样品经乙腈提取、净化后高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在0.01~1.0mg/kg添加水平范围内,吲唑磺菌胺在马铃薯植株、薯块和土壤中平均添加回收率分别为82.9%~86.4%、84.3%~91.1%、84.3%~86.7%,相对标准偏差分别为2.3%~6.4%、1.9%~5.2%、2.8%~7.0%;吲唑磺菌胺在马铃薯植株和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.7~8.5d和8.6~12.7d,距最后1次施药7、10、14d采样时在马铃薯中的残留量为0.01~0.023mg/kg,土壤中的残留量为0.01~0.551mg/kg。     

UPLC-MS/MS法检测稻米及土壤中扑草净除草剂的残留量

建立检测稻米及土壤中扑草净的UPLC-MS/MS方法。稻米和土壤样品经乙腈和混合液提取,甲醇/二氯甲烷溶解,PSA固相萃取柱净化,氮气吹干后经UPLC-MS/MS测定,外标法定量。建立了水稻及土壤中提取扑草净残留量的液相色谱-质谱/质谱测定方法。扑草净在稻米及土壤中的最低检测质量分数分别为0.01mg/kg;最小检出量5×10~11g;稻米添加回收率为82.7%~105.3%,土壤中添加回收率为79.6%~103.3%;稻米的RSD为2.6%~3.6%,土壤的RSD为3.2%~5.2%。建立方法准确、快速、灵敏度高,能够满足扑草净残留量分析的要求。     

壬菌铜和吡唑醚菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留及消解动态

建立了同时测定苹果及其土壤中壬菌铜和吡唑醚菌酯残留的分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱（DSPE-HPLC-MS/MS）方法,并采用该方法研究了24%吡唑醚菌酯·壬菌铜微乳剂在苹果和土壤中的残留及消解动态。其中壬菌铜以硫化钠为破络剂,将其转化为壬基酚磺酸后进行检测。样品用乙腈提取,同时加入硫化钠,经N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）净化后,采用C₁₈色谱柱,以甲醇-水为流动相梯度洗脱分离,于多反应监测模式下经正负离子同时扫描进行定性,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。结果表明:在0.1~10 mg/kg添加水平下,壬菌铜在苹果及土壤中的回收率范围为92%~103%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.3%~5.1%;在0.01~1 mg/kg添加水平下,吡唑醚菌酯在苹果及土壤中的回收率范围为96%~105%,RSD为2.4%~4.6%。苹果及土壤中壬菌铜和吡唑醚菌酯的最低检测浓度（LOQ）分别为0.1和0.01 mg/kg。2014-2015年,中国宁夏、北京和山东两年三地的田间残留试验表明:壬菌铜在苹果和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为2.7~5.4和2.0~5.8 d,吡唑醚菌酯在苹果和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为4.3~8.3和3.6~10.2 d;采用24%吡唑醚菌酯·壬菌铜微乳剂,分别按推荐剂量（有效成分300 mg/kg）和推荐剂量的1.5倍（有效成分450 mg/kg）于苹果幼果期施药,最多施药4次,距末次施药14 d时,壬菌铜在苹果中的最大残留量为0.31 mg/kg,远低于日本规定的最大允许残留限量（MRL）值（5 mg/kg）,吡唑醚菌酯在苹果中的最大残留量为0.27 mg/kg,低于中国规定的MRL值（0.5 mg/kg）。     

西瓜和土壤中啶氧菌酯残留分析方法

本文建立了西瓜和土壤中啶氧菌酯残留检测方法。西瓜样品用乙腈提取,离心后用气相色谱ECD检测器检测。在添加0.05~1.0mg/kg水平时,啶氧菌酯在瓜瓤、全瓜和土壤中的添加回收率分别为89.3%～92.9%,91.2%～94.9%,85.4%～90.7%;RSD分别为6.6%~10.6%,7.1%~9.3%,7.3%~11.3%,检出限均为0.01mg/kg。该方法灵敏度高,检测限低,重现性好,完全能够满足西瓜和土壤中杀菌剂啶氧菌酯残留的检测。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定二甲戊灵在棉花中的残留量

建立了气相色谱-质谱法检测二甲戊灵在棉花中残留量的方法。棉籽,棉花植株及土壤样品经乙腈提取,PSA和C18固相分散吸附剂净化,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测,外标法定量,结果显示,在0.01~0.5mg/kg添加水平范围内,二甲戊灵在棉籽,棉花植株及土壤中的平均回收率分别为91.1%~97.1%,86.4%~95.2%和85.6%~94.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为4.6%~6.1%,3.7%~8.2%和2.0%~8.0%,最低检测浓度(LOQ)均为0.01mg/kg。     

林业除草剂咪唑烟酸在土壤、水及杂草植株中的残留检测

采用HPLC建立了一种林业常用除草剂咪唑烟酸在土壤、水及杂草植株中的残留检测方法。土壤及杂草植株样品用甲醇+0.1mol/L的NH4HCO3水溶液(体积比70∶30)提取,水溶液样品直接用二氯甲烷萃取。 添加法测定结果表明:当添加水平为0.1~5 mg/kg时,平均回收率为86.9%~103.5% 。在土壤及杂草植株中的最小检知浓度分别为0.05、0.1 mg/kg;水中最小检知浓度为0.01 mg/L。     

高效液相色谱法检测吡唑醚菌酯在烟叶和土壤中的残留及消解动态

研究建立了吡唑醚菌酯在烟叶和土壤中残留及消解动态的高效液相色谱分析方法。样品用乙腈提取,经固相萃取柱SPE-C18和SPE-PSA净化,高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD)检测,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.01~2 mg/kg添加水平下,吡唑醚菌酯在烟叶和土壤中的平均回收率分别为97.5%~101.9%和93.4%~101.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为4.8%~6.8%和1.5%~10.5%。吡唑醚菌酯在烟叶和土壤中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.01 mg/kg。采用所建立的方法,测定了山东、湖南2年2地烟叶和土壤中吡唑醚菌酯的残留及消解动态。结果表明:吡唑醚菌酯在山东青岛烟叶和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.9~9.5 d和11.1~13.4 d;在湖南长沙烟叶和土壤中的半衰期分别为3.1~5.3 d和5.4~6.4 d。     

超高效液相色谱法测定土壤中多杀菌素和乙基多杀菌素的残留

建立了土壤中多杀菌素(spinosad)A和D以及乙基多杀菌素(spinetoram)J和L残留量的超高效液相色谱(UPLC)检测方法。土壤样品经乙腈-5%氯化钠溶液-1 mol/L氢氧化钾溶液提取,固相萃取柱净化,UPLC检测,外标法定量。结果表明:土壤中多杀菌素和乙基多杀菌素的定量限分别为0.1和0.05 mg/kg;最小检出量分别为8.0×10-7和2.8×10-7g;在0.1~2 mg/kg添加水平下,多杀菌素在土壤中的平均回收率为89%~96%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为2.1%~4.9%;在0.05~0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,乙基多杀菌素在土壤中的平均回收率为86%~93%,RSDs为1.2%~8.1%。该方法提取效果好,具有良好的灵敏度、回收率和重复性。     

38%唑醚·啶酰菌悬浮剂在草莓和土壤中的残留及消解动态

为评价38%唑醚·啶酰菌悬浮剂 (有效成分质量分数:12.8%吡唑醚菌酯,25.2%啶酰菌胺) 在农产品和环境中的安全性,于2015年和2016年在中国北京及山东分别进行了该药剂在草莓及土壤中的残留及消解动态试验,建立了同时测定草莓及土壤中吡唑醚菌酯和啶酰菌胺残留量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS) 检测方法。样品用乙腈提取,经N-丙基乙二胺 (PSA) 净化,电喷雾多反应监测模式HPLC-MS/MS检测,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。结果表明:在草莓和土壤中添加0.015~3.0 mg/kg吡唑醚菌酯,平均回收率分别为97%~107%和94%~106%,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 分别为1.8%~3.9%和2.2%~4.1%,定量限 (LOQ) 为0.015 mg/kg;添加0.03~6.0 mg/kg啶酰菌胺,平均回收率分别为90%~101%和92%~97%,RSD为4.6%~13%和2.9%~14%,LOQ为0.03 mg/kg。田间试验结果表明,吡唑醚菌酯和啶酰菌胺在草莓和土壤中的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,在草莓中的半衰期分别为4.8~6.0 d和5.1~11 d,在土壤中为3.4~10.0和3.4~6.0 d。采用38% 唑醚·啶酰菌悬浮剂,分别按有效成分228和342 g/hm2于草莓幼果期施药,最多施药 4 次,采样时间距离最后一次施药的间隔时间为3、5、7 d。吡唑醚菌酯在草莓中的最大残留量为 0.13 mg/kg,低于欧盟规定的最大残留限量 (MRL)(0.5 mg/kg);啶酰菌胺在草莓中的最大残留量为 0.78 mg/kg,低于中国的 MRL值 (3.0 mg/kg)。建议38%唑醚·啶酰菌悬浮剂在草莓上的安全间隔期为3 d,试验结果为农药在草莓中的安全使用和农产品的食用安全提供了数据支持。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.