畦田自然要素时空变异性及其对灌水质量的影响

土壤入渗参数、田面糙率、坡度等自然要素是畦灌方案设计的基础参数,其变异性是导致灌水质量远低于预期的重要原因。为揭示畦田自然要素时空变异特征及其对灌水质量的影响,该研究在11组畦田上开展了4 a畦灌观测试验,通过实测数据全面研究了灌前自然要素的畦内空间变异性、畦间空间变异性和年际时间变异性,并结合WinSRFR地面灌溉模型,模拟分析了自然要素时空变异性对畦灌水流运动过程及灌水质量的影响。结果表明：对畦灌灌水质量影响最大的3个自然要素依次是入渗系数、入渗指数和糙率,三者空间变异系数平均值分别为11.00%、4.05%和7.94%,时间变异系数平均值是分别为26.87%、7.73%和21.86%。畦田自然要素变差导致灌水质量整体下降,自然要素的时间变异性对灌水质量的影响大于其空间变异性的影响。入渗参数和糙率的变异性对畦田后半段的水流消退过程影响较大,忽视其年际时间变异性会加大畦尾积水风险。该研究结果可为畦灌方案设计提供指导,为精细地面灌溉发展提供科学依据。     

基于激光雷达的农业耕作微地貌测量装置设计与试验

针对现有地表微地貌测量装置难以兼顾农业耕种作业后地表微地貌测量的精度和效率、部分测量装置单次测量覆盖区域不能满足统计要求的问题,设计了一套由激光雷达、直线导轨、便携式计算机和支架等构成的非接触式地表微地貌测量装置,开发了以STM32单片机为核心的步进电机驱动控制器,并与上位机软件形成整套采集系统,可实现激光雷达精确定位并快速获取地表三维坐标。该装置典型分辨率在激光雷达扫描方向为3. 8～10 mm,垂直扫描方向可在毫米精度范围内任意设置,测距分辨率为1 mm;测量区域覆盖面积典型值为6. 8 m~2,垂直扫描方向分辨率为10 mm时,单次测量时间低于2. 5 min。通过分析测量误差来源,建立了系统误差补偿模型,在15次均值滤波的条件下,该装置测量最大绝对误差为2. 7 mm,最大平均绝对误差为0. 9 mm。油菜机械直播后地表微地貌测量试验结果表明:利用Matlab生成的地表三维模型可以精确地重构原有地表微地貌特征,测量结果与实际地表高度变化吻合度较高;测量数据统计结果表明,固定区域内均方根高度和相关长度测量值需分别在16次和64次的等距采样下达到稳定均值,而畦沟相关评价参数也需要多组样本计算才具有统计意义。     

Research advances of SAR remote sensing for agriculture applications: A review

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an effective and important technique in monitoring crop and other agricultural targets because its quality does not depend on weather conditions. SAR is sensitive to the geometrical structures and dielectric properties of the targets and has a certain penetration ability to some agricultural targets. The capabilities of SAR for agriculture applications can be organized into three main categories: crop identification and crop planting area statistics, crop and cropland parameter extraction, and crop yield estimation. According to the above concepts, this paper systematically analyses the recent progresses, existing problems and future directions in SAR agricultural remote sensing. In recent years, with the remarkable progresses in SAR remote sensing systems, the available SAR data sources have been greatly enriched. The accuracies of the crop classification and parameter extraction by SAR data have been improved progressively. But the development of modern agriculture has put forwarded higher requirements for SAR remote sensing. For instance, the spatial resolution and revisiting cycle of the SAR sensors, the accuracy of crop classification, the whole phenological period monitoring of crop growth status, the soil moisture inversion under the condition of high vegetation coverage, the integrations of SAR remote sensing retrieval information with hydrological models and/or crop growth models, and so on, still need to be improved. In the future, the joint use of optical and SAR remote sensing data, the application of multi-band multi-dimensional SAR, the precise and high efficient modeling of electromagnetic scattering and parameter extraction of crop and farmland composite scene, the development of light and small SAR systems like those onboard unmanned aerial vehicles and their applications will be active research areas in agriculture remote sensing. This paper concludes that SAR remote sensing has great potential and will play a more significant role in the various fields of agricultural remote sensing.     

Experimental study on landscape of CFRP cutting by abrasive water jet

To investigate the influence of operation parameters of abrasive water jet on surface roughness of carbon fiber reinforced plastic(CFRP),experimental studies were conducted.The three-dimensional landscape of cutting front was reconstructed according to the measured data byμscan laser confocal microscopy.Fourier spectral analysis was also adopted to study surface structure in detail.It is found that the morphology of cutting front is similar to that of other materials.In the smooth cutting zone,the fluctuation of amplitudes of surface profile is gentler,compared with that in the rough cutting zone.The lower part of the rough cutting zone was characterized by the periodical appearance of peaks and valleys.The roughness of surface increases with the increase of depth.While in the smooth cutting zone and part of rough cutting zone,roughness increases with the increase of traverse speed.For the thickness of samples,in the smooth cutting zone,the roughness increases with the increase of depth.The dominant harmonic component in the surface profile is concentrated in a narrow range from 0 to 10 Hz,and the relatively higher density of frequency from 10 to 50 Hz is shown in the rough cutting zone,which is caused by the interaction between perpendicular abrasive water jet and reflect jet.     

采用支持向量机算法对金刚石锯片锯切木材表面粗糙度的预测

为了更准确预测木材切削加工后木材表面粗糙度,通过金刚石(PCD)锯片锯切木材试验获得不同锯切转速、进给速度、锯切厚度、木材密度时的木材表面粗糙度测量值,采用支持向量机(SVM)算法建立相应的表面粗糙度预测模型,引入网格搜索法对SVM模型参数进行优化,分析参数选取及优化对木材表面粗糙度模型精度的影响。结果表明:采用PCD锯片锯切木材时,3种影响因素对木材表面粗糙度的影响程度,由大到小依次为锯片转速、锯切厚度、进给速度,且表面粗糙度值随着锯片转速的增大而降低,随着进给速度和锯切厚度的变大而增加。参数优化后的木材表面粗糙度预测模型,更能实现木材表面粗糙度的精准预测。     

仿古涂饰工艺对改性杨木漆膜表面粗糙度的影响

以试件轮廓算数平均值作为表面粗糙度的判别标准,采用格丽斯仿古涂饰工艺对改性杨木进行表面涂饰,分析涂饰工艺对改性杨木表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:砂纸目数对改性杨木表面漆膜粗糙度影响最大,底漆喷涂道数影响最小。漆膜粗糙度优化工艺条件为底漆喷涂道数2道、砂纸目数240目、素材修色喷涂道数1道、表面修色道数1道。     

Characterization of soil surface properties following disturbance of a clay soil in southern Manitoba

This research demonstrated the use of a laser profiling system (LPS) and digital imagery as useful tools in measuring soil micro-topography and crop residue cover following a soil disturbance event. The soil micro-topography was characterized in terms of surface roughness using two geostatistical approaches; semivariance analysis and the mean absolute-elevation-difference method. Univariate statistical analysis was also used. All three procedures used to describe surface roughness were successful in detecting changes in surface roughness due to soil disturbance and the addition of corn residue. There was a definite advantage in using the geostatistical approaches to characterize surface roughness as the indices they provide give insight into the characteristics of the surface roughness. Crop residue cover was measured using digital images and image analysis software to contrast the soil and the crop residues.The series of field experiments examined the roles of both soil disturbance and corn residue and their interactions on surface roughness, crop residue cover, exposed surface area, and near-surface porosity. Soil disturbance and the addition of corn residue were both found to be significant factors affecting the surface roughness, crop residue cover, exposed surface area, and near-surface porosity. Due to the interaction and added effects of crop residue, it was also demonstrated that the calculated surface area may not be a measure of exposed soil area, but rather it is a combination of soil and residue surface areas. Similarly, the roughness of a surface does not only reflect the soil clods produced during tillage but that of the residue itself. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the information gathered by the LPS and digital imagery can be used to evaluate surface characteristics arising from different tillage practices.     

不同地表状况耕地的田面糙率研究

田面糙率是影响田面水流运动的重要参数之一.该文针对裸地、翻耕地和作物地3种不同地表状况耕地的田面糙率进行研究.分析确定了裸地和翻耕地田面糙率的主要影响因素为田面凹凸程度,作物地田面糙率的主要影响因素还包括根茎宽度和根茎高度;进行了3种地表状况的田面凹凸程度、根茎宽度和根茎高度的田间实测及田面水流运动试验;将零惯量模型与优化方法相结合,建立了田面糙率求解的优化模型;根据田面实测资料,利用优化模型求得3种耕地的田面糙率值,据此,建立了裸地、翻耕地和作物地3种耕地田面糙率与其主要影响因素之间的关系式,验证试验结果表明,所建立的关系式正确.这对合理设计田面灌溉系统,提高灌水质量具有重要参考价值.     

沙柳沙障防风阻沙效益的研究

以库布齐沙漠穿沙公路和神东矿区巴图塔沙柳基地为试验区,对沙柳沙障体系内外风速和输沙量进行了野外观测,根据调查和观测资料,利用surfer(8.0)软件作出沙障体系内外的风速流场图,并运用粗糙度(z0)、摩阻速度(u*)等物理参数,对复式沙柳沙障的防风效益和阻沙作用进行了系统研究。结果表明:半隐蔽式、平铺式沙柳沙障防沙体系内外,风速比(V2 m/V0.3 m)的变化随着向沙障体系的逐渐靠近呈非线性增大;粗糙度(z0)的变化则随风速比(V2 m/V0.3 m)的增大表现出两种情况:当旷野风速小于起沙风速时,其趋势线方程为多项式函数,当旷野风速大于起沙风速时,其趋势线方程为指数函数;在沙柳沙障防沙体系内外,由于沙颗粒与沙柳体系内沙柳发生碰撞,输沙率随防沙体系远近的分布不再简单遵循对数或者指数关系,其极值出现的距离随风速的增加而波动,由于沙柳沙障构成的下垫面复杂多变,其对风沙流结构与风沙活动层风速廓线的影响很难确定。     

基于土壤微波辐射布儒斯特角反演土壤含水率

在利用被动微波遥感技术进行裸露地表土壤含水率(Soil Moisture Content,SMC)的反演中,土壤粗糙度是制约反演精度的最关键因素。该研究利用改进的积分方程模型(Advanced Integral Equation Model,AIEM)进行地表多角度微波发射率的模拟,探索地表微波辐射多角度信息用于提高地表SMC反演精度的可行性。基于不同SMC和不同粗糙度地表多角度V极化发射率数据的变化趋势提取土壤介质布儒斯特角,结果表明,土壤布儒斯特角对SMC具有较高的敏感性,C波段(6.6 GHz)不同含水率土壤的布儒斯特角分布在60°～80°范围内。基于AIEM模拟数据的分析发现,土壤布儒斯特角正切值与SMC具有较好的线性关系,线性拟合决定系数为0.94,均方根误差为0.027cm~3/cm~3,并得到了基于布儒斯特角的裸露地表SMC反演算法。基于模拟数据的算法验证结果表明,算法的SMC预测值与理论值的决定系数为0.95,均方根误差为0.024 cm~3/cm~3。算法在不同土壤粗糙度自相关函数下均表现出稳健的特性,SMC预测精度最大均方根误差为0.027 cm~3/cm~3,最小为0.023cm~3/cm~3。基于布儒斯特角的SMC反演算法利用的是多角度土壤发射率的相对变化而非其绝对数值,该研究为SMC的多角度被动微波遥感提供了一种不同的研究思路。