人为土中纳米颗粒的发生、结构和矿物相

Soils contain various kinds of crystalline to amorphous solid particles with at least one dimension in the nanoscale (<100nm). These nanoparticles contribute greatly to dynamic soil processes such as soil genesis, trace element cycling, contaminant transport, and chemical reaction. The nano-sized fraction of an Anthrosol was obtained to determine the occurrence, chemical composition, structure, and mineral phases of nanoparticles using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Selected area electron diffraction or the fast Fourier transform of high-resolution images was used in structural characterization of the nanoparticles with HRTEM. Two nanoscale mineral types, i.e., mineral nanoparticles and nanominerals, were observed in the Anthrosol. Mineral nanoparticles in soil included well crystalline aluminumsilicate nanosheets, nanorods, and nanoparticles. Nanosheets with a length of 120-150 nm and a width of about 10-20 nm were identified as chlorite/vermiculite series. The presence of clear lattice fringe spacing in HRTEM image of nanoparticles indicated that mineral nanoparticles had a relatively good crystallinity. The nanomineral ferrihydrite also existed in the Anthrosol. The HRTEM images and the particle size distribution histogram suggested that these ferrihydrite nanoparticles were quite homogeneous, and had a narrow size distribution range (1-7 nm) with a mean diameter of 3.6±1.6 nm. Our HRTEM observation indicated that mineral nanoparticles and nanominerals were common and widely distributed in Anthrosols. HRTEM and selected area diffraction or lattice fringe spacing characterization provided further proofs to the structure of nanoparticles formed in soil.energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), ferrihydrite, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), nanominerals, nano-sized fraction     

CaCl2对超高压改性马铃薯淀粉结构的影响

研究了600MPa超高压下,不同浓度的CaCl2介质对马铃薯淀粉结构的影响。应刚偏光显微镜和X-射线衍射对样品进行了分析测试。结果表明,不管浓度大小如何,CaCl2均可以抑制淀粉的糊化,其偏光十字均保持得较好;低浓度的CaCl2对马铃薯淀粉的结晶结构影响不大,高浓度的CaCl2则由于渗透作用而导致淀粉结晶结构部分发生破坏。     

青海不同产区大黄的X-射线衍射图谱研究（摘要）

[目的]为区分不同产地大黄药材的质量及鉴别提供依据。[方法]将供试材料青海玉树掌叶大黄（样品1）、青海海南唐古特大黄（样品2）与青海果洛唐古特大黄（样品3）分别粉碎成粉末,过100目筛,即可供X射线衍射试验用。设定管压30 kV,管流20 mA,2θ扫描范围3°～90°,扫描速度0.06°/s,每种样时间0.5 s,获得3种不同产区大黄的X-射线衍射图谱。试验数据以晶面间距d与特征峰相对强度L/Io表示,记为d/（I/Io）。将试验数据导入中药指纹图谱相似度计算软件,经选峰,设定匹配模板,将谱峰自动匹配,然后设定标准模板,进行谱峰差异性评价和整体相似性评价。[结果]样品1中所含的化学成分与样品2相同,但峰的强度（I/Io）不同,表明相同成分在两种样品中的含量不相等。同样把样品3的图谱与其他两个样品进行比较,也会得到相同的衍射峰值。表明不同产区的大黄中各化学成分的含量有差异,但其衍射图谱及衍射峰值具有一定的指纹特征。[结论]X-射线衍射法是鉴别不同产区的大黄及其他中药材的一种快捷有效的方法。     

3种果实的超微结构X-射线能谱元素分析

应用X-射线能谱微区分析法测定果实的超微结构元素分析.结果显示:核桃、枣、葡萄不同组织中共发现Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl、K、Ca和Fe等9种元素.果实不同组织中各元素分布有差异.但各组织中K元素含量均较高.而核桃子叶组织中S、P元素较丰富.     

Quantifying the impact of microbes on soil structural development and behaviour in wet soils

There is evidence that microbial populations play an important role in altering soil pore geometry, but a full understanding of how this affects subsequent soil behaviour and function is still unclear. In particular the role of microorganisms in soil structural evolution and its consequence for pore morphological development is lacking. Using a combination of bio-chemical measurements and X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) imaging, a temporal comparison of microscale soil structural development in contrasting soil environments was made. The aim was to quantify the effect of microbial activity in the absence of other features likely to cause soil deformation (e.g. earthworms, roots etc.) on soil structural development in wet soils, defined by changes in the soil porous architecture i.e. pore connectivity, pore shape and pore volume during a 24 week period. Three contrasting soil textures were examined and changes compared between field soil, sterilised soil and a glucose enhanced soil treatment. Our results indicate that soil biota can significantly alter their microhabitat by changing soil pore geometry and connectivity, primarily through localised gaseous release. This demonstrates the ability of microorganisms to modify soil structure, and may help reveal the scope by which the microbial-rich rhizosphere can locally influence water and nutrient delivery to plant roots.     

犬结肠双重造影术

对20只本地成年犬进行了结肠双重造影试验.建立了犬结肠双重造影的实施方法.造影剂的剂量以60%(w/v)硫酸钡浆100～200mL、空气100～150mL为宜.利用X线摄片记录了结肠双重造影像,并描述和分析了影像效果.     

木材缺陷图象的伪彩色处理

一、引言木材缺陷的检测是评定材质高低的一个重要依据。目前,我国木材缺陷的检测基本上处于用肉眼观察确定表面的缺陷;用敲击法或凭经验来判断内部缺陷的状况。用X光透视技术检验木材内部缺陷、评定木材等级还处于实验阶段。最近,计算机数字图象处理技术的应用已发展到生物学、医学、工业等方面,并已经收到了可喜的成果。但尚未见到应用于木材检测方面的报道。本文初步介绍了用伪彩色技术处理木材缺陷图象的一些实验结果。     

Effects of JAK-STAT signaling pathway,IL-1β and IL-6 on injury of PC12 cells with X-ray irradiation

AIM: To investigate the role of JAK-STAT pathway, IL-1β and IL-6 in the PC12 cells with X-ray irradiation.METHODS: The PC12 cells were irradiated with X-ray at doses of 2, 4 and 8 Gy. After 24 h, the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were detected by ELISA. The protein levels of p-JAK1, p-JAK2, p-STAT1, p-STAT3 and p-STAT5 were measured by Western blot.RESULTS: Compared with control group, the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 increased. The protein levels of p-JAK1, p-JAK2, p-STAT1, p-STAT3 and p-STAT5 increased with the doses of X-ray exposed.CONCLUSION: JAK-STAT signaling pathway, IL-1β and IL-6 play a role in the injury of PC12 cells with X-ray irradiation.