竹重组材微晶结构的X射线衍射分析

运用X射线衍射分析(XRD)的检测手段,对冷压热固化与热压法两种生产模式的竹重组材试样进行分析,结果表明竹材纤维素是以微晶结构为基础的无定型结构,仅在衍射角2θ为22.5°附近出现较突出的晶体衍射峰,在衍射角16.7°、35°附近出现对应强度较弱的晶体衍射峰。冷压热固化与热压过程中,竹材纤维素结晶区主体结构未见明显变化,但相对结晶度有不同程度下降,对竹重组材的物理力学性能有所影响。     

Lathyrane diterpenes from Euphorbia prolifera and their inhibitory activities on LPS-induced NO production

A new lathyrane diterpene (1), an unreported spectroscopic data lathyrane diterpenene (2), and two known analaogues (3 and 4) have been isolated from Euphorbia prolifera. Their structures were elucidated as (12E,2S,3S,4R,5R,6S,9S,11S,15R)-3-butyryloxy-5,15-diacetoxy-6,17-epoxylathyra- 12-en-14-one (1), (12E,2S,3S,4R,5R,6S,9S,11S,15R)-3-propionyloxy-5,15-diacetoxy-6,17- epoxylathyra-12-en-14-one (2), (12E,2S,3S,4R,5R,6S,9S,11S,15R)-3-benzoyloxy-5,15-diacetoxy -6,17-epoxylathyra-12-en-14-one (3), and 15-O-acetyl-17-hydroxyjolkinol (4) by spectroscopic methods (IR, ESIMS, HR-ESIMS, NMR, and X-ray crystallography). The inhibitory activities on LPS-induced NO production of these diterpenes were evaluated and compounds 1, 3 and 4 showed inhibitory effects.     

Papillomavirus-induced dermatofibroma in cattle following tuberculin testing

Papillomavirus was identified in two fibromatous dermal nodules which were representative of those present in the caudal fold skin of the tail in 25 of 145 beef cattle tuberculin tested 3 months earlier. Bovine warts were endemic on the property and it is hypothesised that the papilloma virus was introduced intradermally by a virus-contaminated tuberculin syringe. At palpation, the well-circumscribed hard nodular lesions were atypical of the diffuse caudal fold swelling usually present in reactions to tuberculin. Provided tuberculin testing officers are aware of the risk of fibroma and papilloma induction by transmission of papillomavirus, and they are careful to prevent equipment coming into contact with warts at time of inoculation, this source of inaccuracv mav be avoided.     

A morphological approach to understanding preferential flow using image analysis with dye tracers and X-ray Computed Tomography

A key problem facing soil physics and hydropedology at present is some of the standard theories of water flow in soils do not fully reflect the processes at the pore scale, and thus, cannot be adequately used for prediction. As such, examination of soil structure is vital for hydropedologists. Realisation that solutes move preferentially through soil into groundwaters has meant research in this area has increased in importance. This paper describes a multi-scale approach to analyse transport mechanisms using visualisation techniques. Chloride and Brilliant Blue tracers were applied to undisturbed soil cores to examine the physical and morphological properties associated with preferential flow in a range of soil types. Following collection of serial digital images, it was possible to examine and quantify the nature of active water flow mechanisms in terms of both dye-stained pathways and spatial distribution of dye concentration, using image analysis. Preferential flow linked to water potential and soil structural discontinuity was observed in all but the coarsest textured soil which conformed to uniform flow theory. A high level of variability in flow patterns was noted between the soil types. Such information as to how a soil dynamically re-wets is key for hydropedologists involved in applications such as pollution modelling. This is especially significant when considering a wetting mechanism, such as preferential flow, that cannot be adequately described by conventional soil physics.     

X射线吸收精细结构光谱在土壤中的应用

由于X射线吸收精细结构(X-ray absorption fine structure,XAFS)可以原位探测吸收原子的2~3个邻近配位壳层,获得目标元素的电子结构信息和化学结构信息,所以XAFS已成为微观领域最重要的结构分析工具,丰富了我们对元素的重要化学性质和反应过程的认识。本文简述了XAFS的基本原理,探讨了样品制备、测试及数据分析等过程需关注的问题,重点综述了应用XAFS研究土壤重金属和营养元素的形态、土壤固-液界面的反应过程和机理,并指出其应用的局限性和未来发展的前景,旨在推动我国XAFS在土壤科学中的应用。由于土壤中界面反应的复杂性,XAFS应结合其他结构分析技术,结构分析技术应结合宏观数据和计算机模拟,土壤学应与其他学科交叉、融合,只有这样,才有可能在时间和空间尺度上阐明土壤组分在环境界面上的复杂反应过程和机理。     

砷胁迫下磷对三七砷的微区及亚细胞组织分布特征的影响

通过同步辐射X射线荧光分析(μ-SRXRF)和亚细胞组分分离技术相结合,从植株各部位微区及亚细胞组分层面揭示了药用植物三七在外源磷素作用下砷吸收累积的分布特征。结果表明:三七的根部和茎部是砷的主要富集部位,添加外源磷素可以有效降低三七根部、茎部和叶片的砷含量,降低幅度分别为47%、80%和33%;三七各部位的亚细胞组分砷的累积量不同,其中细胞液是砷的主要富集组分,具有一定的区隔化作用,但不能有效地减少砷对植物细胞新陈代谢的影响和毒害;外源磷素的加入可以显著降低三七不同部位亚细胞各组分中砷的累积量,其降低幅度由高到低依次为细胞液细胞壁细胞器,但分析表明,外源磷素的添加对三七各部位的亚细胞组分砷累积量占植株总砷累积量比例的影响不大。     

便携式X荧光分析仪快速测定土壤中Cd· Hg· As· Pb· Cr含量

[目的]探索便携式X荧光分析仪应用于环境应急监测中的可行性。[方法]采用X荧光分析法选择《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中重点监测的Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr进行标准样品分析,进行现场实测与实验室样品分析,研究该方法测定这5种重金属的准确度和精密度。[结果]X荧光分析法测定土壤标准物质的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.77%~22.90%。现场样品实测相对偏差(RD)为-42.00%~18.10%,其中Cr的RD较小,为-21.20%~10.50%;As的RD较大,为-42.00%~18.10%。[结论]便携式X荧光分析仪在土壤重金属环境应急监测中具有一定指导作用。     

利用双能X射线预测绵羊胴体肌内脂肪含量的研究

本研究旨在探讨双能X射线在绵羊肌内脂肪(IMF)含量等营养指标测定中的应用价值。试验选取19只8月龄蒙古绵羊作为研究对象,利用索氏抽提法测定IMF含量,利用组织成分检测仪测定胴体骨密度(BMD)、胴体单位矿物质的脂肪含量(FBMC)、胴体单位矿物质的肌肉含量(LBMC)、后腿单位矿物质的脂肪含量(LFBMC)、后腿单位矿物质的肌肉含量(LLBMC) 5个指标,再将这些指标进行相关性分析、通径分析及回归方程的构建。结果显示,FBMC对IMF的决定程度最大,且FBMC与IMF构成的回归方程极显著,表明可通过检测FBMC来进行绵羊胴体IMF的预测。该研究为双能X射线在肉品质快速评定中的应用提供了必要的依据。