Occurrence of the F129L mutation in Alternaria solani populations in Germany in response to QoI application,and its effect on sensitivity

Early blight caused by Alternaria solani is a highly destructive disease of potatoes. Control of early blight mainly relies on the use of preventive fungicide treatments. Because of their high efficacy, azoxystrobin and other quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) are commonly used to manage early blight. However, loss of sensitivity to QoIs has previously been reported for A. solani in the United States. Two hundred and three A. solani field isolates collected from 81 locations in Germany between 2005 and 2011 were screened for the presence of the F129L mutation in the cytochrome b gene; of these, 74 contained the F129L mutation. Sequence analysis revealed the occurrence of two structurally different cytb genes, which differed in the presence (genotype I) or absence (genotype II) of an intron, with genotype I being the most prevalent (63% of isolates). The F129L mutation was detected only in genotype II isolates, where it occurred in 97%. Sensitivity to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin was determined in conidial germination assays. All isolates possessing the F129L mutation had reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin and, to a lesser extent, to pyraclostrobin. Early blight disease severity on plants treated with azoxystrobin was significantly higher for A. solani isolates with reduced fungicide sensitivity in the conidial germination assay compared with sensitive isolates. Data suggest an accumulation of F129L isolates in the German A. solani population over the years 2009–2011. It is assumed that the application of QoIs has selected for the occurrence of F129L mutations, which may contribute to loss of fungicide efficacy.     

三七黑斑病抗性人工鉴定方法的建立*

 三七黑斑病(Alternaria panax Whetz)是影响三七生产尤其是GAP规范化生产的重要病害,建立三七黑斑病抗性人工鉴定方法是开展三七抗病育种必备环节。分别以室内离体叶片和田间在体叶片进行不同接种方法的试验,明确了通过针刺叶片接种浓度为1.0×10⁷个/mL的三七黑斑病孢子悬浮液是诱导发病有效途径。室内离体接种和田间接种对比,同一植株室内离体叶片接种与田间接种的相关系数0.9548^**,达到极显著水平。对个体基因型还有变异的三七栽培群体进行人工抗性鉴定的初步研究发现,不同个体三七对黑斑病接种的发病程度有明显的差异,说明黑斑病抗病性与三七个体遗传特性有关。测定田间接种发病程度不同的三七叶片的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性,发现三七对黑斑病的抗性与三七植株叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性有明显的关系。     

烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性ISSR和RAPD标记比较分析

对分离出的链格孢菌株用ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术分析研究其遗传多样性,比较2种分子生物学方法在链格孢遗传分析中的优劣,为研究烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性及烟草抗病品种的培育奠定基础。采用ISSR和RAPD分子标记方法对来自不同地区的28份烟草赤星病菌进行遗传多样性分析,筛选出10个ISSR引物和10个RAPD引物;ISSR扩增出多态性条带112条,多态性条带比率为86.82%,菌株间相似性系数为0.53~0.97;RAPD引物扩增出多态性条带70条,多态性条带比率为81.39%,菌株间相似性系数为0.57~0.94。用SPSS 17.0 软件对2种标记遗传距离进行相关性分析,发现2种分子标记结果呈显著正相关,表明2种分子标记方法都适合于烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性研究,ISSR是一种多态性优于RAPD的标记技术。根据2种标记的结果,利用NTSYS软件按UPGMA方法进行聚类分析,发现烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性与地理差异没有显著相关性。     

刺五加黑斑病菌孢子萌发的影响因子

为了探讨刺五加黑斑病菌孢子萌发的影响因素,在刺五加不同器官汁液等基质培养条件下及在不同温度处理条件下,研究了刺五加黑斑病菌在不同时间的孢子萌发率.刺五加黑斑病菌在刺五加不同器官汁液基质培养条件下及在不同温度处理条件下,孢子的萌发率都随着时间的延长而升高;其中在不同刺五加器官汁液基质处理条件的孢子萌发率比清水对照高,表明其各器官汁液基质更有利于病原菌孢子的萌发,其中茎基质处理的孢子萌发率最高;而在不同温度处理条件下,各调查时间段中,病原菌孢子萌发率都是在25℃时最高.即刺五加黑斑病菌孢子萌发的最适温度为25℃.     

一株铰链孢属真菌培养条件及激活蛋白的提取

本研究以PD培养液为测定培养基,对一株铰链孢属(Alternaria spp.)真菌的培养条件进行了初步研究,通过正交试验设计,确定其最佳培养条件为26℃,160 r/min,装液量120 mL/250 mL,培养72 h时菌丝干重量最高。使用超声波破碎法,从所培养的铰链孢属真菌中提取到分子量为42～43kD的激活蛋白。     

温度对刺五加黑斑病菌的影响

[目的]探讨温度对刺五加黑斑病菌的影响。[方法]在不同温度条件处理下,对刺五加黑斑病菌的生长速率和病原菌孢子的萌发状况进行系统的研究和分析。[结果]刺五加黑斑病病原菌对温度条件的适应性比较强,在5—35℃温度范围内均可以生长,超过40℃不能生长．而且在60℃以下的温度条件下均可以存活,最适宜的生长温度范围为25—30℃。其孢子萌发率在25℃时随着时间的延长而升高。刺五加黑斑病病原菌的生长速率和病原菌孢子的萌发率都是在25℃温度条件处理下为最高,表明25℃是刺五加黑斑病菌生长发育和侵染的最佳温度。[结论]该研究证明温度对刺五加黑斑病菌的生长速率和孢子萌发率均具有较大影响,该研究为刺五加黑斑病的进一步研究奠定了理论基础。     

一株四合木链格孢发酵产物的脂肪酸组分GC-MS分析

[目的]分析四合木链格孢发酵产物的脂肪酸组分。[方法]对四合木链格孢进行液体发酵培养,提取分离发酵产物中的脂肪酸,甲酯化处理后,利用GC-MS技术分别检测四合木链格孢发酵液和菌丝体中脂肪酸的组成。[结果]发酵液中检测出9种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量63.04%,主要为油酸28.41%,亚油酸24.17%,亚麻酸3.85%,饱和脂肪酸中的棕榈酸相对含量最高为26.19%,其次为硬脂酸5.15%。菌丝体检测出7种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量74.30%,主要为油酸30.87%,亚油酸31.57%,亚麻酸7.51%;饱和脂肪酸中的棕榈酸相对含量最高为16.85%,其次为硬脂酸5.76%。[结论]对四合木链格孢进行液体发酵培养能产生多种脂肪酸,可以开发作为利用微生物发酵生产脂肪酸的重要途径之一。     

Induced resistance in tomato plants to the toxin-dependent necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata

A necrotrophic pathogen, the tomato pathotype of Alternaria alternata (Aa) causes Alternaria stem canker on tomato. Its pathogenicity depends on the production of host-specific AAL-toxin. Pre-inoculation with nonpathogenic Aa or pretreatment an elicitor prepared from Aa reduced disease symptoms by the pathogen. Salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defense responses in tomato are not involved in the resistance to the pathogen induced by nonpathogenic Aa. The results suggest that an alternative and unknown signaling pathway independent of SA- and JA-signaling might modulate the induced resistance by activating the expression of the multiple defense genes.     

链格孢菌代谢产物的抑菌活性

采用室内生物测定方法对链格孢菌代谢产物的抑菌活性进行了研究.结果表明:链格孢菌不同极性代谢产物对小麦赤霉病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌、油菜菌核病菌、烟草灰霉病菌及杨树溃疡病菌5种植物病原真菌产生不同程度的抑制作用,乙酸乙酯相的抑制作用最强,正丁醇相次之;乙酸乙酯相含量为800 μg·mL1时,其代谢产物对5种病原真菌的抑制率分别...     

几个主要因子对水葫芦链格孢生长和侵染力的影响

测试引起水葫芦黑斑病的生防真菌水葫芦链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)的主要生物学特性(培养基、温度、pH值对菌落生长以及光照对产孢量的影响)和影响该菌株侵染力的3个主要因子(接种温度、光照、保湿时间),以期为该菌的大量发酵和真菌除草剂的研制奠定基础.试验结果表明,培养基、温度和酸碱度是影响该菌生长的...