森林可持续经营环境友好型技术转让现状及建议

环境友好型技术转让作为实现全球可持续发展的重要手段之一, 在众多林业相关公约中均有谈及.文中介绍于目前与林业相关的技术转让渠道和现状, 分析技术转让中存在的障碍及改善措施, 讨论我国开展森林可持续经营技术转让的意义, 并对我国开展相关国际合作和进行政策规划提出具体建议.     

乌干达林业发展概况与林业管理体系

位于非洲东部的乌干达是初级林产品生产国, 原木是其主要林产品。文中通过查阅相关文献资料, 对乌干达的林业管理体系进行了梳理和分析, 概述了乌干达森林资源和林产品贸易状况, 重点介绍了乌干达林业管理机构与林业相关政策法规; 在此基础上, 对我国林业企业参与乌干达森林资源合作开发与利用提出建议。     

林业生态工程信息分类与编码体系研究

按照科学性与系统性、唯一性、实用性、兼容性、完整性和可扩展性的原则, 根据林业生态工程的系统构造和建造目的, 将林业生态工程分为生态保护型林业生态工程、生态防护型林业生态工程、生态经济型林业生态工程和环境改良型林业生态工程等4大类, 细分为天然林资源保护工程等24小类。林业生态工程信息分为基础信息、设计信息和验收管理信息3大类, 并对林业生态工程进行编码, 编码结构由大类、小类、工程码和扩展码共4级8位码组成。林业生态工程信息数据项如已有相关的标准则沿用已有标准中的相应代码, 否则根据信息属性自行分类与编码。     

Impacts of off-road traffic on soil physical properties of forest clear-cuts: X-ray and laboratory analysis

Due to the great year-round demand for forest products, off-road forestry traffic occurs even when the ground is susceptible to soil compaction and rutting. We investigated the impacts of repeated passes with a laden forwarder (34?Mg) on the soil physical properties of two clear-cuts on stony till soils in northern Sweden. Core samples (n?=?71) were collected from the top 5?cm of mineral soil in and beside wheel tracks, after six passes with the forwarder. Soil physical properties were quantified using classical soil physical analyses and X-ray tomography. The hydraulic conductivity was 70% lower in the wheel tracks than in the soil beside. The X-ray image analysis indicated that this was due to the smaller total volume and lower connectivity of structural pores (φ?>?60?µm). Total porosity was 24% and 12% lower in the tracks at the two sites respectively, and mean bulk density was 1.39?g?cm^?3 in the tracks, compared to 1.13?g?cm^?3 beside them. To conclude, traffic changed the soil physical properties in a way that may lead to longer periods of high water content in the wheel tracks, increased risk of surface runoff and insufficient aeration for optimal seedling growth.     

林业生态扶贫研究进展

林业生态扶贫是改善贫困地区生态状况、提高人们生产生活水平的优先选择。林业作为一项公益性事业和基础性产业,在生态扶贫中不仅发挥了生态效应,也体现出较强的经济效应和社会效应。文中在回顾国内外相关文献及实践的基础上,梳理林业与生态扶贫之间的关系,探讨林业生态扶贫的理论逻辑,总结我国政策倾斜式、产业发展式、机制创新式3种林业生态扶贫实践模式,概述林业生态扶贫的保障政策,最后进行评述和展望。     

日本森林资源供求变动趋势和经营管理战略创新

丰富的森林资源促进了第2次世界大战结束后日本经济的恢复和高速发展。此后,林产品市场供求、生产经营和产业政策发生了重大变化。文中分析了日本森林资源和森林经营现状、木材供求和森林功能多样化的趋势,以及林业政策、经营管理和技术创新的动向,以期为理论研究和业务决策提供参考。日本在经济高速增长期过后,木材需求量减少,自给率维持低位。近年来,日本林木进入集中主伐利用期,社会对森林生态环保需求增大,森林经营面临着规模过小、国有林缺乏经营活力、年轻劳动力减少等问题。日本森林经营管理创新的重点包括提高科技贡献率、改革林业特别是国有林的生产经营体制、提升森林在生态与环境和经济减贫等多方面价值。目前,上述创新已经效果初现,也是今后日本林业改革发展的主要方向。     

“一带一路”背景下利比里亚林业发展状况及中利两国林业合作探析

利比里亚森林资源丰富,但由于内战以及林业管理水平不高等原因,林业开发缓慢,迫切需要外资介入以增强发展动力,改善发展模式,以实现林业产业的可持续发展。近年来我国经济发展迅速,国内木材生产量远低于木材需求量,与利比里亚开展良好的林业合作将是缓解国内木材需求紧张局面的可行途径。文中介绍了利比里亚森林资源概况、林业法规、林业管理机构、林产品生产与贸易和林业开发面临的主要问题,提出了中利两国开展林业合作的领域和建议,以期为两国林业合作提供决策参考。     

农林废弃物基质对杜鹃红山茶苗期生长的影响

以椰糠 (Cocos nucifera)、水稻 (Oryza sativa) 秸杆、玉米（Zea mays）秸杆等为原料,按 照不同体积比配制成 19 种混配基质,并以黄心土为对照,对各基质的理化性质及基质中杜鹃红山茶 （Camellia azalea）苗的生长状况进行研究,运用生长量多重比较和 pearson 相关性分析等方法对不同基质 的育苗效果进行综合评价。结果表明：杜鹃红山茶经过 9 个月不同基质处理栽培,20 种栽培基质的容重、 总孔隙度分别为 0.548~0.972 g·cm-3、49.02%~67.06%,pH 为 4.18~7.61,各基质的有机质含量、全 N 含量 和有效 P 含量分别为 6.32~57.2 g·kg-1、0.322~2.760 g·kg-1、33.1~129.0 mg·kg-1;不同农林废弃物基质对杜 鹃红山茶苗高、冠幅和叶绿素相对含量（SPAD 值）生长量存在显著影响;苗高和冠幅与容重、全 N 含 量、有效 P 含量、EC、CEC 等呈正相关,与总孔隙度、pH、有机质、速效 K 等呈负相关,杜鹃红山茶 苗期适合在土壤容重较大,总孔隙度和 pH 较小,有机质含量较低,全 N 含量、有效 P 含量、EC、CEC 较高的土壤基质中生长。综合评价结果显示：处理 M11（黄心土∶菇渣的比例为 3 ∶ 2）和 M07( 黄心 土∶珍珠岩的比例为 3 ∶ 2) 的综合生长值分别比对照大 11.83% 以上,容重分别比对照小 25.13% 以上, 建议 2 种基质为杜鹃红山茶育苗的首选基质。     

Comparison of estimators and feature selection procedures in forest inventory based on airborne laser scanning and digital aerial imagery

Digital maps of forest resources are a crucial factor in successful forestry applications. Since manual measurement of this data on large areas is infeasible, maps must be constructed using a sample field data set and a prediction model constructed from remote sensing materials, of which airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and aerial images are currently widely used in management planning inventories. ALS data is suitable for the prediction of variables related to the size and volume of trees, whereas optical imagery helps in improving distinction between tree species. We studied the prediction of forest attributes using field data from National Forest Inventory complemented with ad hoc field plots in combination with ALS and aerial imagery data in Aland province, Finland. We applied feature selection with genetic algorithm and greedy forward selection and compared multiple linear and nonlinear estimators. Maximally around 40 features from a total of 154 were required to achieve the best prediction performances. Tree height was predicted with normalized root mean squared error value of 0.1 and tree volume with a value around 0.25. Predicting the volumes of spruce and broadleaved trees was the most challenging due to small proportions of these tree species in the study area.     

Leakage of forest harvest changes in a small open economy: case Norway

The effect of changes in roundwood harvests in Norway on the harvests in rest of the world is examined using a global forest sector model. About 60–100% of the harvest change in Norway is offset by an opposite change in the rest of the world. Such leakage rates vary over time, wood category, background scenario, and the size of the harvest change. Asymmetries between the effects of increasing and decreasing the harvests also exist. Hence, the magnitude of leakage rate is case specific, though considerable. Under tightening wood supply there is less need/room to respond to harvest increase/decrease in Norway with incremental/reduced harvests elsewhere. When the use of global forest resources intensifies with increasing wood demand in the future, leakage rates can be smaller than today. It is important to account for harvest leakage in order to avoid overestimating the climate benefits of policies that decrease or increase roundwood harvests. For instance, for full carbon sequestration benefits of increasing harvests for harvested wood products, creating fresh additional demand for these products should be prioritized. Else the origin of raw material and the place of production for these products may change instead of their stock.