The mbuna cichlids of Lake Malawi: a model for rapid speciation and adaptive radiation

Mbuna, the dominant fishes on the rocky shores of Lake Malawi, have become a major ‘model system’ for the study of rapid speciation and adaptive radiation. At least 295 putative species are known, of which more than 200 remain undescribed. There is no good evidence for monophyly in the mbuna, rather mitochondrial DNA phylogenies indicate that they are polyphlyetic with respect to benthic feeding cichlids of the genera Aulonocara, Alticorpus and some species of Lethrinops. Male mbuna hold territories for 18 months or more and breed year‐round. All species are maternal mouthbrooders, but females do not guard free‐swimming young. Mbuna are polygamous (both sexes). There is sexual dimorphism in size, colour and fin length, and many species show within‐population colour polymorphism. Mbuna genera are largely differentiated on the basis of head, jaw and tooth morphology, but congeneric species are generally distinguished by male colour. Many morphologically specialized forms have broad diets and often feed on common easily obtainable resources. While it is likely that dietary and habitat niche partitioning contributes to species coexistence, this has never clearly been demonstrated under experimental conditions. Populations on spatially separated habitat patches are often genetically differentiated, probably because most species are specialized for life on rocky shores, and lack a dispersal phase in their life histories. Males seem to disperse more than females, but are able to home several kilometres back to their territories. Some closely related ecologically equivalent allopatric populations are differentiated in male colour. Those tested have been shown to mate at least partially assortatively. Sexual selection acting on male colour seems the most plausible mechanism for initial species divergence. The same colour forms seem to have arisen several times, suggesting frequent parallel evolution. The main conservation threat to mbuna at present seems to be translocation of species within the lake as a result of the aquarium trade. However, deleterious effects on indigenous populations are not documented. In the long run, sedimentation, pollution, introduction of alien species and the development of targeted food fisheries could be more serious threats.     

Estimating theoretical radiation‐use efficiency for kale crops

Establishing the radiation‐use efficiency (RUE) of forage brassica crops will aid our understanding of their photosynthetic performance. The concept of RUE has been developed for cereals and legumes, but there is limited information for forage brassica crops. Three experiments defining the influence of different sowing dates on ‘Gruner’ kale (Brassica oleracea acephala L.) dry matter production were conducted at Hastings (Hawkes Bay) and Lincoln (Canterbury) in New Zealand between 2002 and 2009. These trials were also evaluated for radiation interception and RUE. Delayed sowing increased RUE in two out of three experiments across sites: from 1·93 g MJ^?1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for December‐sown crops to 2·72 g MJ^?1 PAR (P < 0·001) for January‐sown crops at Hastings and from 1·50 for September‐sown crops to 2·00 g MJ^?1 PAR (P < 0·001) for November‐sown crops at Lincoln. The different sowing dates and years of experimentation provided a range of mean temperatures (from 13 to 16°C) during the vegetative period. Across years and sowing dates, RUE was strongly correlated with mean temperature (R² = 0·81) and sowing date (R² = 0·64), but weakly correlated with season length (R² = 0·11) and dry matter (R² = 0·002). There was also a strong correlation (R² = 0·83) between sowing date and mean temperature. The increase in RUE with delayed sowing was therefore mainly attributed to increased mean temperatures. Radiation‐use efficiency increased at about 0·41 g MJ^?1 for each 1°C increase from 13 to 16°C.     

基于风洞试验的风沙区光伏阵列近地表形态变化规律研究

[目的] 研究库布齐沙漠中段沙区光伏阵列扰动下地表形态变化规律及其与风环境的关系,为科学制定沙区光伏电站次生风沙危害防治技术方案提供理论依据。[方法] 运用风洞试验方法,分析光伏阵列与风向之间夹角为0°,45°,90°,135°和180°时光伏阵列地表蚀积空间分布规律和地表形态剖面特征。[结果] 夹角为±90°时,迎风侧前两排电板区域地表蚀积变化表现为风蚀以中度和重度为主,堆积以轻度为主。第3—5排电板区域在前两排电板的遮蔽作用下风沙活动强度大幅降低。夹角为±45°时所有电板区域蚀积变化规律较为相似;45°时蚀积变化表现为风蚀以中度和重度为主,堆积以中度和轻度为主,小范围出现重度堆积现象;-45°时风蚀和堆积均表现为以轻度和中度为主。以8 m/s风速条件为例,不同夹角条件光伏阵列地表蚀积强度表现为：45°>90°>-45°>-90°>0°。夹角为0°时最小,蚀积变化极差仅为1.265 cm。夹角为45°时最大,蚀积变化极差可达5.429 cm。夹角绝对值相等符号相反风况条件下,夹角为正值相较负值时光伏阵列地表风沙活动更为强烈。夹角为45°时蚀积强度是夹角为-45°时的1.566倍,夹角为90°时则是夹角为-90°时的1.269倍。[结论] 沙区光伏阵列次生风沙危害的防治技术方案设计应充分考虑区域主害风向条件。     

双膜双被装配式日光温室在郑州地区的小气候测试

2020年11月1日-2021年2月28日,在河南郑州地区对冬春季双膜双被装配式日光温室内外温度、光照和湿度小气候进行测定,以探明其温光性能。在温室内外分别布置环境自动记录仪,每台记录仪均连接温湿度传感器和光照传感器,实现数据的自动监测与传输。结果表明：观测期内,温室内旬平均气温为11.4～21.4℃,旬平均最低气温为9.4～16.7℃;温室内0.1m深处旬平均土壤温度为15.4～22.9℃,旬平均最低土壤温度为15.0～22.1℃,温室内外最大气温差和土温差分别为17.0℃和15.6℃。全年最冷时段（1月上旬）温室外旬平均最低气温为−7.9℃,0.1m处土壤温度旬平均最低值为2.2℃,而此时段温室内旬平均最低气温和0.1m处土壤温度旬平均最低值分别达到9.9℃和15.8℃。11月−翌年2月,温室内光照度逐渐增大,晴天光照度在2000～22000lx,11月、12月、1月和2月晴天日平均透光率分别为42%、52%、49%和45%,12月透光率最高,不同月份透光率存在明显差异;阴天温室光照度在300～4000lx,各月阴天日平均透光率分别为34%、35%、36%和33%,透光率差异不明显。11月下旬−1月下旬,温室内夜间湿度为95.4%～99.0%,夜间叶片沾湿时长占比为89.1%～99.5%,温室内湿度大。观测结果说明双膜双被结构日光温室在黄淮地区冬春季具有较好的保温性能,有利于进行喜温果菜类的越冬生产,具有一定的推广应用价值,但是存在温室透光率偏低、光照弱等问题。     

温室水循环太阳能利用系统高效节能控制策略

针对目前温室水循环太阳能利用系统无法在合理时间集热的问题,开发模面装置,基于其表面综合温度提出高效节能控制策略。理论分析表明,日间表面综合温度反映集热器表面可集太阳余热,利用该温度与蓄热水池内水温之间的差值可较准确地判断集热时机;夜间表面综合温度接近于室内气温,利用该温度进行放热控制的方式实质上就是利用室内气温的方式。通过现场试验,测试提出的控制策略下实现的中空板水循环太阳能利用系统的集放热效果,并与现有的基于设定时间点或室内气温的控制方式的能力进行对比。试验结果表明中空板系统在提出的集热控制策略下获得的晴天的集热量（404.1 MJ）与多云天和阴天的集热量（分别为225.9和62.7 MJ）差异显著。而设定时间点控制集热,导致少集热（1.4 h）、无效运行（1.7 h）等问题。基于室内气温方式浪费集热时机：集热初期,太阳辐射较强,系统本可集热（31.8 MJ）,且集热量远大于能耗,集热COP（Coefficient of Performance）达20.2,但因气温低,并不运行;集热末期,还出现短期无效运行（多云天为0.7 h;阴天为2.4 h）。该研究提出的集热控制策略能以更低能耗实现更高集热量;放热控制方式也具有一定优势。     

利用反向射流提升无盖板型太阳能集热器性能

为了进一步提高无盖板型太阳能空气集热器的集热效率,该研究提出了一种利用U型管制造反向射流强化集热板换热的无盖板型太阳能空气集热器。通过试验研究了该型集热器内部的温度分布特性,以及2020年12月10日和2021年6月20日的集热性能。试验结果表明：反向冲击射流的冷却作用可以有效降低集热板表面温度,形成覆盖大部分集热板面积的低温区域,且温度分布较为均匀;作为产生反向射流的U型管,还可以充当肋片结构对进入集热腔内的空气进行预热,夏季晴朗工况下U型管的进出口温差可达3.5 ℃;该型集热器在6月20日的平均集热效率可达到80%,而12月10日的热效率仅为45%,冬夏集热效率的差别较大。该研究为无盖板型太阳能集热器性能优化提供了新思路。     

戈壁日光温室适栽口感型番茄品种筛选

口感型番茄具有皮薄、肉厚、多汁、酸甜适中等优点,越来越受到市场的青睐。为筛选出适宜河西地区戈壁日光温室有机生态型无土栽培的口感型番茄优良新品种,在酒泉市肃州区东洞戈壁农业生态产业园的戈壁日光温室对引进的9个口感型番茄新品种采用有机生态型无土栽培方式进行了品种筛选试验。结果表明,在酒泉市肃州区戈壁日光温室中,以戴安娜、原味1号为综合表现最优品种,其经济效益分别为1 075 200、 1 068 000元/hm2,可作为当地越冬茬日光温室采摘和高品质种植方向发展的主要品种。     

UV-B胁迫下芦荟蒽醌类物质对大豆生长发育保护作用研究(英文)

在增强紫外线辐射条件下,研究喷施芦荟蒽醌类物质对大豆叶形态结构和生理生化指标的影响,旨在探究增强UV-B辐射条件下芦荟蒽醌物质对植物的保护作用。研究结果表明,在增强UV-B辐射条件下,大豆株高降低、叶面积明显减小、光合色素含量下降、丙二醛含量升高;喷施芦荟蒽醌物质能有效缓解叶绿素含量、生物量降低,减少丙二醛产生;在增强UV-B辐射条件下,叶细胞表面蜡状物质增加明显,气孔明显下陷;而喷施芦荟蒽醌物质后,表面蜡状物质仅稍有增加,气孔下陷状况有所缓解。     

格尔木地区光伏电站太阳辐射预报方法研究

利用1961~2010年格尔木地区及其周边站点的常规和辐射气象资料,通过天气学原理和方法,针对格尔木地区影响光伏电站太阳辐射的天气环流形势和影响系统进行了详细的分析,提取了预报指标建立了预报方法,并对预报的结论进行了检验。结果表明,此研究建立的辐射预报方法预报与实况误差较小,该方法对逐时、逐日太阳辐射的预报均具有使用价值,该方法能为格尔木地区光伏产业发展提供必要的气象科技支撑和决策依据。     

黑龙江大兴安岭兴安落叶松林土壤热通量研究

利用气象梯度观测塔安装的土壤热通量板和净辐射传感器等设备对大兴安岭的兴安落叶松林土壤热通量的特征及与净辐射相关性进行了分析。结果表明：5cm土壤热通量的日变化和年变化均呈现出＂S＂形,土壤热通量在年度6月达到最大值747.35W·m-2,12月达到最小值-394.55 W·m-2,全年总土壤热通量为738.89 W·m-2,全年土壤总的热通量为正值,土壤为热汇。对5cm土壤热通量和冠层净辐射相关性进行了回归分析,无论在日尺度还是在年尺度上均达到显著相关性。