基于卷积神经网络的微藻种类识别

微藻在生态系统的结构和功能中具有极为重要的作用,而传统光学人工镜检方法对微藻种类鉴别具有较大的难度。本研究将微藻的光学图像进行了采样,并结合国内外专家对微藻鉴定的经验知识,制作了微藻图像数据集,并进行了数据增强处理。借助深度学习的原理和方法,构建了基于卷积神经网络结构的深度学习模型（AlexNet）,对模型进行了训练,并利用5折交叉验证方法确保模型的稳定性。结果表明,模型的训练精度可达到98.78±0.98%,测试精度达85.46±0.23%,达到了预期效果。利用AlexNet模型训练得到的参数,对预留的280个样本图像进行实际测试,7个藻种的平均精确度、平均召回率和平均F1 Score分别为0.832,0.844和0.833。表明深度学习方法是鉴定微藻的一种有效方法。     

Marine carotenoids: biological functions and commercial applications

Carotenoids are the most common pigments in nature and are synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and fungi. Carotenoids are considered key molecules for life. Light capture, photosynthesis photoprotection, excess light dissipation and quenching of singlet oxygen are among key biological functions of carotenoids relevant for life on earth. Biological properties of carotenoids allow for a wide range of commercial applications. Indeed, recent interest in the carotenoids has been mainly for their nutraceutical properties. A large number of scientific studies have confirmed the benefits of carotenoids to health and their use for this purpose is growing rapidly. In addition, carotenoids have traditionally been used in food and animal feed for their color properties. Carotenoids are also known to improve consumer perception of quality; an example is the addition of carotenoids to fish feed to impart color to farmed salmon.     

鸟粪石沉淀法改善微藻氨絮凝的后续培养

为高效回收氨絮凝后的氨氮并改善其后续培养,研究了鸟粪石沉淀法回收氨氮问题并比较了后续培养中不同营养组分补加对微藻生长的影响。结果表明,鸟粪石沉淀法可解决微藻氨絮凝的氨氮回收问题,回收率达98.8%;N1和N5组的营养添加组合最适合Nannochlropsis oculata的后续培养,N1组微藻的生物量产率、蛋白质含量、类胡萝卜素含量上分别是对照组的1.0、2.1、6.0倍,N5组微藻的生物量产率、蛋白质含量、类胡萝卜素含量上分别是对照组的1.4、1.6、4.7倍。后续培养的藻液仍可利用氨絮凝法沉降采收,其絮凝率在10min内达到90%以上。因此,鸟粪石沉淀法能有效地改善微藻氨絮凝的后续培养。     

Bioactivity and Applications of Sulphated Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgae

Marine microalgae have been used for a long time as food for humans, such as Arthrospira (formerly, Spirulina), and for animals in aquaculture. The biomass of these microalgae and the compounds they produce have been shown to possess several biological applications with numerous health benefits. The present review puts up-to-date the research on the biological activities and applications of polysaccharides, active biocompounds synthesized by marine unicellular algae, which are, most of the times, released into the surrounding medium (exo- or extracellular polysaccharides, EPS). It goes through the most studied activities of sulphated polysaccharides (sPS) or their derivatives, but also highlights lesser known applications as hypolipidaemic or hypoglycaemic, or as biolubricant agents and drag-reducers. Therefore, the great potentials of sPS from marine microalgae to be used as nutraceuticals, therapeutic agents, cosmetics, or in other areas, such as engineering, are approached in this review.     

Plastids of Marine Phytoplankton Produce Bioactive Pigments and Lipids

Phytoplankton is acknowledged to be a very diverse source of bioactive molecules. These compounds play physiological roles that allow cells to deal with changes of the environmental constrains. For example, the diversity of light harvesting pigments allows efficient photosynthesis at different depths in the seawater column. Identically, lipid composition of cell membranes can vary according to environmental factors. This, together with the heterogenous evolutionary origin of taxa, makes the chemical diversity of phytoplankton compounds much larger than in terrestrial plants. This contribution is dedicated to pigments and lipids synthesized within or from plastids/photosynthetic membranes. It starts with a short review of cyanobacteria and microalgae phylogeny. Then the bioactivity of pigments and lipids (anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-allergic activities, and cardio- neuro-, hepato- and photoprotective effects), alone or in combination, is detailed. To increase the cellular production of bioactive compounds, specific culture conditions may be applied (e.g., high light intensity, nitrogen starvation). Regardless of the progress made in blue biotechnologies, the production of bioactive compounds is still limited. However, some examples of large scale production are given, and perspectives are suggested in the final section.     

珠江河口区罗非鱼养殖池塘中浮游微藻的群落特征

2009年5月至11月,在广州市番禺区海鸥岛对6口罗非鱼河口养殖池塘的微藻群落结构和水质因子进行定期采样分析,共检出微藻7门157种,其中绿藻67种,蓝藻34种,硅藻18种,甲藻5种,隐藻3种,裸藻28种,金藻2种。各池微藻优势种种类丰富,但不同门类优势种单胞体积差异较大,其中：数量优势种多为蓝藻类的威利颤藻、点形平裂藻、褐色念珠藻、圆胞束球藻、坚实微囊藻、不定微囊藻等和绿藻类的蛋白核小球藻、镰形纤维藻、空星藻等;生物量优势种多为裸藻类的鱼形裸藻、秋鳞孔藻、琵鹭扁裸藻、扭曲扁裸藻、糙膜陀螺藻和甲藻类的加顿多甲藻、多纹膝沟藻以及隐藻类的啮蚀隐藻、具尾蓝隐藻等;卷曲螺旋藻既是数量优势种又是生物量优势种。微藻数量和生物量在养殖前中期增加较快,物种多样性丰富,后期多呈较低水平,物种多样性也逐渐下降。养殖前中期各池微藻数量范围为（0.59～72.85）×107ind·L^-1,生物量范围为1.12～114.14mg·L^-1,多样性指数平均为2.98;养殖后期微藻数量范围为（16.29～67.37）×107ind·L^-1,生物量范围为6.57～67.76mg·L^-1,多样性指数平均为2.78。各池微藻数量或生物量多与COD、DIN等营养因子呈显著正相关关系。罗非鱼也可通过滤食作用有效影响池塘微藻群落结构和水质因子的变动。     

Microalgae n-3 PUFAs Production and Use in Food and Feed Industries

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), and especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential compounds for human health. They have been proven to act positively on a panel of diseases and have interesting anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer properties. For these reasons, they are receiving more and more attention in recent years, especially future food or feed development. EPA and DHA come mainly from marine sources like fish or seaweed. Unfortunately, due to global warming, these compounds are becoming scarce for humans because of overfishing and stock reduction. Although increasing in recent years, aquaculture appears insufficient to meet the increasing requirements of these healthy molecules for humans. One alternative resides in the cultivation of microalgae, the initial producers of EPA and DHA. They are also rich in biochemicals with interesting properties. After defining macro and microalgae, this review synthesizes the current knowledge on n-3 PUFAs regarding health benefits and the challenges surrounding their supply within the environmental context. Microalgae n-3 PUFA production is examined and its synthesis pathways are discussed. Finally, the use of EPA and DHA in food and feed is investigated. This work aims to define better the issues surrounding n-3 PUFA production and supply and the potential of microalgae as a sustainable source of compounds to enhance the food and feed of the future.     

不同微藻处理猪场废水的净化效果研究

旨在研究普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvislis)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、莱茵衣藻(Chlamydo-monas reinhardti)4种单一微藻以及不同比例混合微藻对猪场废水的化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、氨...     

投喂螺旋藻、雨生红球藻对螺蛳体内类胡萝卜素积累效果的研究

在6个62 cm×78 cm×50 cm的水箱中每箱投放5 kg规格为(2.69±0.21)g的螺蛳。选取螺旋藻(Spiruli-na)、雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)两种富含类胡萝卜素的微藻,分别以每箱每天12 g、10 g的量投喂,并采用水循环和充气的方式维持藻粉在水中均匀分布。于投喂前及投喂后4、8、12天取螺蛳200 g左右,采用分光光度法测定类胡萝卜素含量。结果显示:投喂螺旋藻的螺蛳经过8 d喂养体内类胡萝卜素含量从42.5μg/g提高到69.1μg/g,并不再显著提高。投喂雨生红球藻的螺蛳在4 d后类胡萝卜素含量已达213.3μg/g,并进一步缓慢提高。该结果表明螺蛳适宜作为向中华绒螯蟹传递类胡萝卜素的中间载体。     

Marine microalgae from biorefinery as a potential feed protein source for Atlantic salmon,common carp and whiteleg shrimp

Two marine algal products MAP3 and MAP8 were examined for their suitability as fishmeal protein substitutes in feeds of three prominent farmed species, through short‐term feeding studies. Algal meals were tested at 5 and 10% protein replacement levels for Atlantic salmon and at 25 and 40% for common carp and whiteleg shrimp. At the end of the 12‐week period, the growth and feed performance of the two fish species did not reveal any significant difference between those fish offered the algae‐based feed and those offered the control feed. The whole body proximate compositions of Atlantic salmon fed the control and algae‐based feeds were not significantly different. In common carp, the lipid content in the fish fed higher level of MAP3 was significantly lower than that of the fish fed the control feed. In whiteleg shrimp, at the end of the 9‐week feeding period, growth performance and feed utilization did not differ between the treatment groups. Protein content in the shrimp fed the higher level of MAP8 was significantly lower than that of shrimp on the control feed. The three species could accept the algal meals in their feeds at the tested levels, though there were some noticeable effects on body composition at higher inclusion levels.