Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak Investigation: Application of the FAO‐OIE‐WHO Four‐way Linking Framework in Indonesia

WHO, FAO and OIE developed a ‘four‐way linking’ framework to enhance the cross‐sectoral sharing of epidemiological and virological information in responding to zoonotic disease outbreaks. In Indonesia, outbreak response challenges include completeness of data shared between human and animal health authorities. The four‐way linking framework (human health laboratory/epidemiology and animal health laboratory/epidemiology) was applied in the investigation of the 193rd human case of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. As recommended by the framework, outbreak investigation and risk assessment findings were shared. On 18 June 2013, a hospital in West Java Province reported a suspect H5N1 case in a 2‐year‐old male. The case was laboratory‐confirmed that evening, and the information was immediately shared with the Ministry of Agriculture. The human health epidemiology/laboratory team investigated the outbreak and conducted an initial risk assessment on 19 June. The likelihood of secondary cases was deemed low as none of the case contacts were sick. By 3 July, no secondary cases associated with the outbreak were identified. The animal health epidemiology/laboratory investigation was conducted on 19–25 June and found that a live bird market visited by the case was positive for H5N1 virus. Once both human and market virus isolates were sequenced, a second risk assessment was conducted jointly by the human health and animal health epidemiology/laboratory teams. This assessment concluded that the likelihood of additional human cases associated with this outbreak was low but that future sporadic human infections could not be ruled out because of challenges in controlling H5N1 virus contamination in markets. Findings from the outbreak investigation and risk assessments were shared with stakeholders at both Ministries. The four‐way linking framework clarified the type of data to be shared. Both human health and animal health teams made ample data available, and there was cooperation to achieve risk assessment objectives.     

基于Faster-NAM-YOLO的黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子检测

黄瓜霜霉病由古巴假霜霉病菌孢子通过侵染引起,严重影响了黄瓜的品质和产量;病菌孢子数量与病情严重度相关,因此建立快速、简便和高效的病菌孢子定量检测方法,实现黄瓜霜霉病防治关口前移。基于YOLO v5模型提出了一种基于Faster-NAM-YOLO的黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子定量检测模型,该模型首先提出了一种特征提取模块C3＿Faster,使用C3＿Faster替换YOLO v5中的C3模块,有效降低了模型参数计算量和模型深度,提升了对黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子检测速度和精度;其次在主干网络中加入了NAM注意力模块,通过应用权重稀疏性惩罚抑制不显著权重,进而提高模型的特征提取能力和计算效率;最后实现了对黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子的定量检测。实验结果表明,Faster-NAM-YOLO模型在测试集上mAP@0.5和mAP@0.5:0.95分别达到95.80%和60.90%,对比原始YOLO v5模型分别提升1.80、1.20个百分点,较原始YOLO v5模型内存占用量和每秒浮点运算次数分别减少5.27 MB和1.49×10¹⁰;通过与YOLO v3、THP-YOLO v5、YOLO v7、YOLO ...     

基于改进YOLOv5算法的农田杂草检测

随着智慧农业技术和大田种植技术的不断发展,自动除草具有广阔的市场前景。关于除草剂自动喷洒的有效性,农田杂草的精准、快速地识别和定位是关键技术之一。基于此提出一种改进的YOLOv5算法实现农田杂草检测,该方法通过改进数据增强方式,提高模型泛化性;通过添加注意力机制,增强主干网络的特征提取能力;通过改进框回归损失函数,提升预测框的准确率。试验表明,在芝麻作物和多种杂草的复杂环境下,本文方法的检测平均精度均值mAP为90.6%,杂草的检测平均精度AP为90.2%,比YOLOv5s模型分别提高4.7%和2%。在本文试验环境下,单张图像检测时间为2.8 ms,可实现实时检测。该研究内容可以为农田智能除草设备提供参考。     

低数据集下基于ASPP-YOLO v5的苋菜识别方法研究

针对田间苋菜识别存在准确率低、样本数量少等问题,通过引入扩展感受野和提取上下文信息的ASPP注意力机制改进YOLO v5苋菜识别模型,在低数据集下改进后的模型能够显著提高F1值和mAP。实验结果表明,在低数据集下引入ASPP注意力机制后苋菜识别模型F1值提高13个百分点、mAP提高18.6个百分点。采用横向录制的方式苋菜被检测到的概率提高15.4个百分点。因此,本研究为苋菜或其他杂草在低数据集下的识别提供了有效的方法,为农业领域的杂草识别和管理研究提供了参考。     

SPOT5在小流域水土保持生态建设遥感监测中的应用

在伊洛河赵沟小流域应用SPOT5卫星影像开展水土保持生态建设遥感监测,以制作流域"4D"产品为基础,基于虚拟地理信息系统构建赵沟小流域虚拟现实环境进行定义分类模板技术研究,整体分类模板定义精度可达95.48%;进而对SPOT5卫星影像实施水土保持措施遥感监测分类处理,运用ERDAS IMAG INE精度评价统计功能对虚拟现实环境参照下的水土保持措施分类结果进行评价,总体分类精度达到80.49%;对各地物类型和总体Kappa系数进行分析,总体Kappa系数达到0.769 4。研究表明,SPOT5在大规模水土保持生态建设遥感监测中具有很好的应用前景。     

Frozen bread dough: Effects of freezing storage and dough improvers

This review focuses on the effects of freezing storage on the microstructure and baking performance of frozen doughs, and provides an overview of the activities of dough improvers, including emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and other improvers used in frozen dough applications. The overall quality of bread baked from frozen dough deteriorates as the storage of the dough at sub-zero temperatures increases due to several factors which are discussed. Lipid-related emulsifiers such as diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides and sucrose esters employed as anti-staling agents, dough modifiers, shortening sparing agents, and as improvers for the production of high-protein bread have also been employed in frozen doughs. Hydrocolloids are gaining importance in the baking industry as dough improvers due to their ability to induce structural changes in the main components of wheat flour systems during breadmaking steps and bread storage Their effects in frozen doughs is discussed. Other dough improvers, such as ascorbic acid, honey and green tea extract, are also reviewed in the context of frozen doughs.     

外源ALA对NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗叶绿素合成的影响

【目的】研究外源ALA对NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗叶绿素合成的影响。【方法】以酸枣水培幼苗为材料,研究外源ALA对NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗叶片内源ALA含量、胆色素原含量、原卟啉Ⅸ含量、Mg-原卟啉Ⅸ含量、原叶绿酸酯含量以及叶绿素总含量的影响。【结果】与150 mmol/L NaCl处理相比,外施100 mg/L ALA显著提高了酸枣幼苗的内源ALA含量、胆色素原含量、原卟啉Ⅸ含量、Mg-原卟啉Ⅸ含量、原叶绿酸酯含量、叶绿素a、b含量以及叶绿素总含量,较NaCl处理分别提高44.8%、20.8%、21.2%、26.4%、36.5%、36.0%、38.4%和41.2%;且叶绿素合成受阻位点在ALA向PBG转化过程。【结论】外源ALA可以促进NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗叶绿素的合成,促进幼苗生长。     

飞蝗表皮蛋白LmKnk3-5′的抗体制备及组织定位

【目的】LmKnickkopf3-5′(LmKnk3-5′)是飞蝗（Locusta migratoria）蜕皮发育中重要的表皮蛋白。本文旨在制备LmKnk3-5′特异抗体并对其进行组织定位,为LmKnk3-5′生物学功能研究提供蛋白水平的证据,同时为进一步深入探究LmKnk3-5′与其他表皮蛋白在飞蝗表皮形成过程中的协同作用打下基础。【方法】首先比对飞蝗Knickkopf(Knk)家族4个基因LmKnk、LmKnk2、LmKnk3-FL和LmKnk3-5′的氨基酸序列,选取LmKnk3-5′的3段特异抗原序列R1、R2和R3,设计包含BamH I、Hind III酶切位点的引物,以LmKnk3-5′全长cDNA为模板,PCR获得LmKnk3-5′的特异抗原片段;然后将特异抗原片段与pET-32a经双酶切、T4连接酶连接、测序验证、成功构建重组质粒后,转入BL21（DE3）表达菌株中,加入IPTG（终浓度0.5 mmol·L^-1）低温（16℃）诱导重组蛋白表达,SDS-PAGE检测重组蛋白表达情况;接着扩大培养可在菌体裂解液的上清中表达重组融合蛋白的大肠杆菌,提取蛋白并用Ni-NTA对其进行纯化,之后再用纯化后的重组特异抗原免疫小鼠4次,获得anti-LmKnk3-5′多克隆抗体,ELISA法对其进行效价检测,并用Western blot法检测其特异性。取飞蝗5龄若虫第8天表皮,制备石蜡切片,通过免疫组化法对LmKnk3-5′蛋白进行组织定位。【结果】通过氨基酸序列比对,选取LmKnk3-5′的特异抗原区域R1、R2和R3,分别包含208、147和131个氨基酸残基,蛋白理论分子量分别为24.0、17.0和14.8 kD。酶切连接后,成功获得 pET-32a-R1、pET-32a-R2 和pET-32a-R3重组质粒。诱导表达检测,发现只有含pET-32a-R2的表达菌在菌体裂解液的上清液中大量表达重组蛋白。将其扩大培养纯化后获得 R2重组融合蛋白,免疫小鼠取抗血清进行效价检测,抗体效价高达1﹕512 000,可满足抗体使用需求。Western blot结果表明,注射dsLmKnk3-5′后飞蝗体壁LmKnk3-5′的蛋白表达显著减少,表明anti-LmKnk3-5′抗体特异性良好。免疫组化试验结果表明,表皮蛋白LmKnk3-5′在飞蝗腹部体壁皮细胞及新表皮中均有分布,特别是新合成的外表皮顶端。【结论】成功获得飞蝗LmKnk3-5′多克隆抗体,证明其特异性良好。LmKnk3-5′在飞蝗腹部体壁新合成的外表皮顶端分布较多。研究结果为飞蝗表皮蛋白LmKnk3-5′功能研究提供了蛋白水平的证据。     

沙地柏根际促生耐寒短杆菌SDB5的分离和功能鉴定

从沙地柏根中分离到1株根际促生菌,并对其特征进行鉴定。为明确其功能,以水稻为试验材料,用梯度Na₂CO₃模拟盐碱胁迫,研究该菌对水稻种子萌发及生理指标的影响;并在盐碱地中研究该菌对水稻农艺性状的影响。结果显示：（1）该菌为杆状,菌落呈白色,革兰氏阳性,长约2 667 nm,宽约906.7 nm,16S rDNA测序表明,其属于耐寒短杆菌属,命名为SDB5 (Brevibacterium frigoritolerans SDB5)。菌体内生长素含量为 356.90 ng/g,细胞分裂素主要是异戊烯基腺苷和异戊烯基腺嘌呤,含量分别为2.13 ng/g和48.57 ng/g。该菌能在0~1 mol/L的NaCl或pH 6~11的培养基上正常生长。盐碱复合胁迫与上述单独胁迫结果类似,说明SDB5菌有耐盐碱能力。（2）在梯度Na₂CO₃模拟盐碱胁迫下,该菌能使水稻种子萌发率提高 15.2%,叶片中叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶活性和脯氨酸含量分别提高90%、95%和73%,说明SDB5菌能提高水稻的耐盐碱性。（3）在土壤含盐量0.22%、pH 8.4的盐碱地上,该菌能使水稻出苗率提高20%,穗基直径增粗48%,穗长增加12.4%,根长增加43%,根面积增加34.8%,根体积增加25.7%,说明SDB5菌能促进水稻的生长;穗实粒数显著增加,理论产量增加18.2%。综上,耐寒短杆菌SDB5可以提高水稻的种子萌发率及植株耐盐碱性,并在轻度盐碱地中使水稻的生长势增强,产量提高,在农业生产上有重要意义。     

The peroxisomal matrix shuttling receptor Pex5 plays a role in FB1 production and virulence in Fusarium verticillioides

The peroxisomal matrix oxidase, catalase and peroxidase are imported peroxisomes through the shuttling receptors, which regulates the cellular oxidative homeostasis and function. Here, we report that PTS1 shuttling receptor FvPex5 is involved in the localization of PTS1, utilization of carbon sources and lipids, elimination ROS, cell wall stress, conidiation, fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) production, and virulence in maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides. Significantly, differential expression of PTS1-, PTS2-, PEX- and FB₁ toxin-related genes in wild type and ΔFvpex5 mutant were examined by RNA-Seq analyses and confirmed by RT-PCR assay. In addition, different expression of PTS1 and PTS2 genes of the ΔFvpex5 mutant were enriched in diverse biochemical pathways, such as carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, lipid metabolism and the oxidation balance by combining GO and KEGG annotations. Overall, we showed that FvPex5 is involved in the regulation of genes associated with PTS, thereby affecting the oxidation balance, FB₁ and virulence in F. verticillioides. The results help to clarify the functional divergence of Pex5 orthologs, and may provide a possible target for controlling F. verticillioides infections and FB₁ biosynthesis.