我国国家公园与自然保护地法律制度衔接研究

我国既有的各类自然保护地存在空间交叉重叠、权责模糊、多头管理等突出问题，成为制约我国生态文明建设的体制难题。建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，正是国家破解这一难题的制度举措。文中在介绍国家公园与自然保护地概念、分析我国自然保护地现有法律制度存在主要问题的基础上，提出了国家公园与自然保护地法律制度衔接的设想。在国家公园体制建设的过程中，理顺国家公园与既有自然保护地之间的关系，加强国家公园与自然保护地法律制度的衔接显得尤为重要。具体思路为:在宏观政策法律层面，从国家统一立法、提升立法协调性、扩大公众参与等方面提出国家公园体制法律建构的整体设想；在微观制度保障层面，吸纳保护原则、差异原则及衔接原则，建立国家统一自然保护地管理制度。建议以《国家公园法》的制定为契机，统筹考量制定符合我国国情的统领自然空间保护的基本法——《自然保护地法》。     

冬小麦–夏玉米高产模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征研究

探明周年产量20,000kghm–2以上冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征,并建立资源优化配置定量指标,为进一步提升黄淮海该模式周年产量潜力和气候资源利用效率提供理论依据,具有重要意义。本研究利用2006—2010年黄淮海区9个高产点共45个田间试验的数据,定量分析了冬小麦–夏玉米模式高产形成与季节间光温水资源分配的关系。结果表明,三省9个试验点冬小麦–夏玉米均实现了周年20,000kghm–2以上高产,但区域间差异较大,河南和山东小麦产量最高,山东夏玉米产量最高,河南和山东周年产量分别高于河北16.9%和21.5%。产量的变化主要由光温水分配差异造成,河南和山东小麦季积温量在1924.2～2608.0°C和降雨量小于201.1mm范围时产量均高于河北,山东玉米季辐射量在2168.5～2953.8 MJ m–2、积温量小于2990.7°C和降水量小于591.3 mm范围时产量均高于河南和河北。然而省份间冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间热量资源分配率和分配比值相对固定,即小麦季和玉米季积温分配率分别为43%和57%,两季间积温比值为0.7,这是该区当前生产和生态条件下冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间资源合理配置的定量标准。在不增加任何投入的前提下依据该定量指标来指导黄淮海不同生态区冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式的资源优化配置,对促进黄淮海该种植模式可持续发展具有重要意义。     

基于实时性优化的内燃机燃烧分析系统研究

采用缸压传感器、数据采集卡、光电编码器和Lab VIEW软件,搭建在线缸压采集和实时燃烧分析系统平台,研究HCCI和RCCI燃烧模式的循环波动特性。针对单循环缸压测量过程中的通道效应干扰,基于频谱分析,采用FFT、线性插值法和IFFT等方法相结合的滤波方式,实现共振峰的在线自适应识别与实时滤波,较好地减少了单循环缸压的干扰误差,使单循环的实时燃烧分析成为可能。随后,基于实时滤波后的缸压曲线,计算得到内燃机的最大压力升高率、燃烧放热率、爆发压力等重要燃烧参数。利用程序算法中同步性良好的生产者/消费者运算模式提高数据的共享能力,实现了数据实时运算与数据快速储存的并行处理,提高了燃烧计算的实时性;针对发动机不同工作阶段采用了不同精度层次的计算方法,减少了进排气、压缩和膨胀阶段的计算耗时,在计算量较大的燃烧放热率计算部分,通过适当简化计算公式和公式节点运算模块来提高燃烧系统的实时性。最后,分析了燃烧分析系统的实时性,并进行了燃烧分析系统的实验验证。     

具有III型分泌系统的Pseudomonas moraviensis FP1761植物益生功能及其全基因组分析

 本研究从节瓜根际分离到一株具有防病促生功能的荧光类假单胞菌FP1761。该菌株对部分植物病原真菌和细菌具有拮抗能力,能够解钾、解有机磷和无机磷,可产生氨、蛋白酶、嗜铁素、吲哚乙酸。生物测定表明菌株FP1761可显著促进小麦生长。生理生化、平均核苷酸相似度、16S rDNA和多基因分析将FP1761鉴定为摩拉维亚假单胞菌(Pseudomonas moraviensis)。菌株FP1761基因组草图全长6.12 Mb,(G+C)含量为59.9%,共编码5467个基因序列。将该菌株与种内3个代表性菌株进行泛基因组和核心基因组分析,共产生 4 357个共有基因,菌株FP1761特有基因327个。利用antiSMASH对菌株次生代谢基因簇进行预测,发现其含有8个潜在的次生代谢产物基因簇。其中两个基因簇与嗜铁素pyoverdine合成相关,未见聚酮类合成基因。基因组分析发现,该菌株具有与病原性假单胞菌相似的III型分泌系统,但丢失了效应蛋白调控因子hrpS和转运相关的hrpH和hrpK1基因。对全基因组扫描,菌株FP1761仅保留了病原性假单胞菌的保守效应蛋白AvrE和HopAA1-1。FP1761是目前已发现的唯一具有III型分泌系统的摩拉维亚假单胞菌。本研究表明摩拉维亚假单胞菌FP1761具有潜在的植物防病促生功能,但其III型分泌系统与植物益生互作机制有待进一步解析。     

Revisiting rice breeding methods – evaluating the use of rapid generation advance (RGA) for routine rice breeding

Rice production needs to increase in the future in order to meet increasing demands. The development of new improved and higher yielding varieties more quickly will be needed to meet this demand. However, most rice breeding programmes in the world have not changed in several decades. In this article, we revisit the evidence in favour of using rapid generation advance (RGA) as a routine breeding method. We describe preliminary activities at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to re-establish RGA on a large scale as the main breeding method for irrigated rice breeding. We also describe experiences from the early adoption at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute. Evaluation of RGA breeding lines at IRRI for yield, flowering time and plant height indicated transgressive segregation for all traits. Some RGA lines were also higher yielding than the check varieties. The cost advantages of using RGA compared to the pedigree method were also empirically determined by performing an economic analysis. This indicated that RGA is several times more cost effective and advantages will be realized after 1 year even if facilities need to be built. Based on our experience, and previous independent research empirically testing the RGA method in rice, we recommend that this method should be implemented for routine rice breeding in order to improve breeding efficiency.     

The Use of a Metabolic Disorder Index as a Predictor for Metabolic Eliminations in Endurance Horses

The equine endurance race involves both aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms of the horse. The intense physical activity over an extended period often causes susceptible horses to develop metabolic signs or problems resulting in elimination from races. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a method for prediction and validation of a metabolic disorder index (MDI) to be used before endurance races. Three hundred seventy-five Arabian (n = 152) and Arabian cross (n = 223) endurance horses aged from 6 to 15 years and weighing between 350 and 450 kg were selected for the study in Malaysia. Blood samples were collected at pre- and post-race periods. The significant (P < .05) findings in horses with metabolic disorder were packed cell volume (0.50 ± 0.06 LL−1), creatine kinase (1,275.89 ± 121.45 UL−1), interleukin-6 (2.01 ± 0.89 ng/mL), decreased glutathione reductase (26.57 ± 3.95 ng/mL), and chloride (94.98 ± 8.12 mmol/L). A new method called MDI was developed as a predictor for horses with the potential to develop metabolic disorders in endurance races. The MDI indicated a higher value greater than 5.5 for those eliminated and lower value below 5.5 for those that completed the race successfully, this proved to be accurate in the prediction of metabolic disorder in endurance horses. The MDI is an innovative and simple method used as a prediction method that will assist the equine endurance society to reduce the rate of elimination and to safeguard against serious medical problems during endurance races in the tropics.     

大豆对大豆胞囊线虫侵染的应答机制研究

大豆胞囊线虫病(Heterodera glycines,soybean cyst nematode,SCN)是大豆生产上的重要病害,其特点为危害重、分布广、难防治,每年对大豆生产造成极大的损失。种植大豆抗性新品种是防治SCN目前最为有效的措施,研究大豆对SCN侵染的应答机制,是培育大豆持久抗病品种的前提,对加快抗线虫品种选育及SCN的防控具有重要的意义。本文综述了大豆对SCN侵染的组织细胞学应答机制;介绍了大豆在SCN侵染后酶系变化及酚类代谢的生理生化应答机制;从分子水平阐明了SCN侵染后大豆的基因转录变化,差异蛋白及DNA甲基化的应答机制,以期为大豆胞囊线虫病害的进一步研究与防治提供参考。     

基于主成分分析和Copula函数的灌溉水利用系数影响因素研究

以新疆生产建设兵团第十二师中型灌区为研究对象，采用首尾法测算2018年和2019年4个样点灌区的灌溉水利用系数，在采用主成分分析法对指标体系降维处理的基础上，用Copula函数构建PCA-Copula评价分析方法，对灌溉水利用系数各影响因素的影响程度和影响规律进行计算分析。结果表明：两年测算数据表明，4个样点灌区灌溉水利用系数都在0.63以上，且最大值达到0.668，分别高于同期全疆、全国平均水平5.05%、10.15%；主成分分析得出，渠道衬砌率（0.944）、滴灌灌溉面积比（0.746）、作物需水量（0.635）、实际灌溉面积（0.734）等都具有超过60%的正贡献率，而葡萄种植比（-0.586）和灌区毛灌溉用水量（-0.645）等具有超过58%的负贡献率。利用PCA-Copula分析评估方法得出，作物种植比例和节水灌溉工程状况对十二师中型灌区灌溉水有效利用系数影响显著（P<0.05），其中葡萄净灌溉定额和灌区毛灌溉用水量对灌溉水有效利用系数的影响极其显著（P<0.01），相关系数分别为0.875、0.742，同时利用Spearman等级相关系数检验法和线型回归来检验PCA-Copula评价法与熵值法的密切程度，检验结果其相关系数分别为 0.87（P＜0.05）和0. 52（P＜0.001），表明PCA-Copula评价方法适用于研究灌溉水利用系数影响因素。     

十里香茶离体培养及再生体系研究

为了保护珍贵的十里香茶树资源,掌握利于十里香茶的最优组培条件,本研究对十里香茶组培过程中外植体类型、消毒时间、培养基添加物及培养条件进行了筛选。结果表明,采用轻微木质化的带腋芽茎段经升汞消毒15 min,接种后暗培养5 d,MS+0.2 mg·L^-1 NAA培养基中添加3 mg·L^-1 PVP+2000 mg·L^-1 Vc或者6 mg·L^-1 PVP+3000 mg·L^-1 AC,可在低污染率的前提下将褐化率降为10%左右,一定程度上解决了茶树组培中褐化率高的难题;采用1/8 MS+1 mg·L^-1 IBA培养基有利于外植体生根且增殖迅速。本研究建立了十里香茶的无菌苗离体培养及再生体系,可通过组培手段对其进行大量繁殖。     

Differential regulation on C5 expression in goose versus mammals by glucose/palmitate provides a potential protection for goose fatty liver

Goose fatty liver is a specific type of nonalcoholic fatty liver that is protected from harmful effects associated with severe steatosis. Our previous findings suggest that suppression of the complement C5 may be relevant, but the mechanism is unclear. Therefore, in this study, we first verified the expression pattern of complement genes (including C5) during goose fatty liver formation and then determined the liver fat content and fatty acid composition by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), followed by selecting the differential metabolites to treat HepG2, goose and mouse primary hepatocytes, aiming to explore the mechanism of C5 and inflammation suppression in goose fatty liver. The data confirmed the suppression of complement genes (including C5) in goose fatty livers. Moreover, fat content was significantly higher in fatty liver versus normal ones, with oleic acid and palmitic acid dominantly accounting for the difference. In line with this, high concentration of palmitate led to down regulation of C5 expression in goose primary hepatocytes whereas upregulation in mouse primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. In conclusion, regulation on C5 expression by fatty liver related factors including high level of palmitic acid may contribute to the protection of goose liver from severe hepatic steatosis.