大学生日常活动的时空特征研究——以酃湖大学城为例

以衡阳大学城的两所高校衡阳师范学院和湖南工学院为例,开展了在校大学生的日常活动调研,探讨了其日常活动的时间特征和空间特征。结果发现:在时间上,周一至周五,大学生日常活动具有时间上的重叠性和活动方式的确定性以及活动区位的固定性;周六周日或节假日,大学生的日常活动则呈现出较大的差异。在空间上,周一至周五,大学生的活动空间具有局限性;到了周末,其活动范围有所扩大,不同活动类型也会有不同的活动空间。     

纳豆菌NT-6发酵患病畜禽肉骨粉制备微生物肥料

以肉骨粉为主要发酵基质,以纳豆菌(Bacillus natto)NT-6作为发酵菌和功能菌进行固态发酵,制备微生物肥料.以菌量为指标,通过单因素试验和响应面设计确定最佳发酵条件,并在此基础上利用盆栽试验探索成品对作物茎基腐病病原菌——立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)的抗性.结果显示,将肉骨粉...     

柑橘类植物精油的抗菌活性及其作用机制

柑橘类植物精油(CEOs)是从柑橘类植物中提取的芳香类混合物,其主要活性成分为D-柠檬烯(D?limonene),具有广泛的生物活性,包括抗菌、抗氧化和抗炎等.CEOs具有选择性抗菌活性,在动物生产中具有非常重要的应用价值.不同的CEOs具有不同的抗菌活性,研究其抗菌机制也具有非常重要的意义.本文着重介绍了CEOs的化...     

百里香酚对鱼源耐药性维氏气单胞菌的体外抑菌效果及其机制研究

为探究百里香酚对鱼源耐药性维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)的抑菌效果和作用机制,从患病黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)体内分离得到一株维氏气单胞菌,药敏试验结果显示,其对氟苯尼考、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星耐药。通过测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)和生长曲线来评价百里香酚对耐药性维氏气单胞菌的抑菌活性;通过测定百里香酚对其细胞膜通透性、可溶性蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶活性和DNA的影响,结合电镜观察细菌超微结构的变化研究其作用机制。结果显示,百里香酚对耐药性维氏气单胞菌的抑菌效果明显,MIC为256 μg·mL^-1,MBC为512 μg·mL^-1。经512 μg·mL^-1的百里香酚作用1 h后,维氏气单胞菌液电导率极显著(P<0.01)上升,DNA外渗量迅速上升至(115.6±0.5)mg·L^-1。经512 μg·mL^-1的百里香酚作用后,维氏气单胞菌的可溶性蛋白明显变少,细菌乳酸脱氢酶活性在2、4、6、8 h分别极显著(P<0.01)降低了(32.8±0.7)%、(46.2±0.3)%、(46.1±1.6)%、(60.0±1.0)%,DAPI(4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚)染色的荧光强度和密度降低,电镜下可见菌体表面溶解塌陷,皱缩变形,细胞壁和细胞膜分离,细胞质丢失,内部空化。上述结果表明,百里香酚对维氏气单胞菌具有较强的抗菌活性,主要通过增加细胞膜通透性导致胞内物质流失造成细菌死亡。百里香酚可以作为治疗耐药性维氏气单胞菌感染的备选药物进行研究。     

Nonphytotoxic copper oxide nanoparticles are powerful “nanoweapons” that trigger resistance in tobacco against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae

Investigations into the potential application of nanoparticles acting as nanofungicides in sustainable agriculture are rapidly expanding due to the high antimicrobial properties of these compounds, which do not risk inducing pathogen resistance to fungicides.  A detailed understanding of the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi is yet to be obtained.  This study aimed to explore the in vitro antifungal activity and control efficacy of CuO NPs applied via irrigation with respect to tobacco black shank (TBS) disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae.  The results revealed that CuO NPs greatly interfered with the reproductive growth process of this fungus, repressing hyphal growth, spore germination and sporangium production.  Additionally, morphological damage, intracellular ROS accumulation and increased SOD enzyme activity in hyphae were the antifungicidal mechanisms of these NPs.  In pot experiments, treatment with CuO NPs at 100 mg L^–1 significantly suppressed TBS development, compared with the effect on control plants, and the control efficacy reached 33.69% without inducing phytotoxicity.  Exposure to CuO NPs significantly activated a series of defense enzymes, and resistance genes in tobacco can further explain the mechanisms by which CuO NPs suppressed fungal infection.  The Cu content in both the leaves and roots of P. nicotianae-infested plants increased by 50.03 and 27.25%, respectively, after treatment with 100 mg L^–1 CuO NPs, compared with that of healthy plants.  In particular, a higher Cu content was observed in infected roots than in leaves.  Therefore, this study showed the potential of CuO NPs applied as nanofungicides and as nanoinducers of fungus resistance genes for the management of TBS through inhibition of pathogen infection and stimulation of plant defenses.     

南五味子木脂素复合涂膜液在草莓保鲜中的应用

草莓在采收和贮运中易受损伤和病原微生物侵染而腐烂变质,影响其商品价值。为研究南五味子木脂素复合涂膜液对草莓保鲜效果的影响,以南五味子为材料,采用超声辅助乙醇浸提法提取其木脂素。以抑菌圈直径为指标,南五味子木脂素对3种供试菌的抑菌效果从强到弱为大肠埃希氏菌>沙门氏菌>金黄色葡萄球菌。考察南五味子木脂素、叶绿素铜钠、魔芋葡甘聚糖、氯化钙4个组分对草莓失重率、可溶性固形物含量、Vc含量的影响。在单因素实验基础上进行响应面优化实验,得到南五味子木脂素复合涂膜液的最优配方为0.32%木脂素+0.0021%叶绿素铜钠+0.27%魔芋葡甘聚糖+1.0%氯化钙,将制备的复合涂膜液应用于草莓贮藏实验,使用复合涂膜液的草莓的失重率下降73.86%,可溶性固形物含量提高67.55%,Vc含量提高21.80%,与对照组相比保鲜效果显著提高,可以作为草莓保鲜的技术参考。     

强还原土壤灭菌处理对人参连作土壤细菌群落结构及土壤酶活的影响

强还原土壤灭菌（reductive soil disinfestation,RSD）和土壤熏蒸（soil fumigation,SF）是缓解人参连作障碍的常用方法。为研究2种方法对土壤细菌群落和土壤酶活性的影响,采用高通量测序技术和化学分析方法对强还原土壤灭菌加氯化苦熏蒸（RSD+SF）、强还原土壤灭菌加复合菌（RSD+F）、氯化苦熏蒸加复合菌（SF+F）3种方式改良的土壤细菌群落和土壤酶活性进行分析。结果表明,RSD+F组细菌群落多样性与丰富度均最高,SF+F组均最低,3组拥有相同细菌菌属431个。RSD+SF组中,丰富度最高的细菌为Gemmatimonas,其丰富度为9.17%;RSD+F组中丰富度最高的细菌为norank_f_noranko_Gaiellales,其丰富度为8.72%;RSD+F组中丰富度最高的细菌为Bacillus,其丰富度为9.16%;Bacillus为3种方式改良土壤前10种优势菌群中共有的优势菌群。土壤酶活性与土壤细菌群落结构存在显著性关系,随着生长时间的增加,不同方式改良后的连作人参土壤酶活性均具有显著性差异（P<0.05）。由此可知,3种土壤改良方式均能在不同程度地增加有益细菌属的丰富度并提高土壤酶活性,其中RSD+SF组和RSD+F组的有益细菌属数量及土壤酶活性均高于SF+F组。     

The duality of teleost gonadotropins

The duality of salmon gonadotropins has been proved by biochemical, biological, and immunological characterization of two chemically distinc gonadotropins. GTH I and GTH II were equipotent in stimulating estradiol production, whereas GTH II appears to be more potent in stimulating maturational steroid synthesis. The ratio of plasma levels and pituitary contents of GTHs and the secretory control by a GnRH suggest that GTH I is the predominant GTH during vitellogenesis and early stages of spermatogenesis in salmonids, whereas GTH II is predominant at the time of spermiation and ovulation. GTH I and GTH II are found in distinctly separate cells. In trout, GTH I is expressed first in ontogeny, whereas GTH II cells appear coincident with the onset of spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis, and increase dramatically at the time of final reproductive maturation. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides and the base sequences of cDNA revealed that salmon GTH I β is more similar to bovine FSHβ than bovine LHβ and salmon GTH II β shows higher homology to bovine LHβ than to bovine FSHβ. The existence of two pituitary gonadotropins in teleosts as well as tetrapods suggests that the divergence of the GTH gene took place earlier than the time of divergence of teleosts from the main line of evolution leading to tetrapods.     

新型喹诺酮抗菌药T-3811

本文介绍了一种非氟喹诺酮抗菌新药———T-3811,综述了其体外抗菌活性,并与环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和曲伐沙星进行了比较。此外,还提出将其作为兽药开发应用的潜在可能性。