氮添加对天山高寒草原土壤酶活性和酶化学计量特征的影响

为探究氮添加对高寒草原生态系统土壤酶活性的影响,于2018年在中国科学院巴音布鲁克草原生态系统研究站,选择4个氮添加水平(对照,N0,0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;低氮,N1,10 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;中氮,N3,30 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;高氮,N9,90 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),开展土壤酶活性对氮添加响应的研究,分析土壤酶活性对氮添加的响应特点,土壤酶化学计量比以及土壤酶活性与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:与对照相比,氮添加在N3水平显著增加β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-D-纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-1,4木糖苷酶(βX)酶活性(P<0.05),N1和N3水平显著增加碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性(P<0.05),N3水平显著降低多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性(P<0.05),氮添加对亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)活性影响不显著,N3水平下显著增加N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,8种土壤酶活性均与土壤有机碳(SOC、NAG除外)和总磷(TP)显著相关,与土壤总氮(TN)不相关。研究区土壤酶活性C∶N∶P化学计量比为1∶1∶1.2,与全球生态系统的土壤酶活性C∶N∶P的比值1∶1∶1相偏离,表明该研究区土壤微生物生长受磷素限制。冗余分析(RDA)进一步揭示出土壤有机碳和土壤全磷含量是影响土壤酶活性的主要因子。     

阿勒泰羊生长速度与主要血液生化指标含量及尾脂Leptin基因表达关系

试验通过研究不同生长速度阿勒泰羊主要血液生化指标含量和尾脂中瘦素（Leptin）基因的表达水平，探讨阿勒泰羊生长速度与脂肪沉积之间的关系。选取300只出生时间相近的阿勒泰羊公羔，正常饲喂至6月龄，记录日增重，取平均日增重排前10%和后10%的公羔各30只，分为生长快速组（HBW）和生长慢速组（LBW），从生长快速组随机选12只分为抑制生长组（饲喂低能量饲粮以抑制其生长，HBW-75%，n=6）和生长快速对照组（饲喂标准饲粮，HBW-100%，n=6），生长慢速组随机选12只分为促进生长组（饲喂高能量饲粮以促进生长，LBW-125%，n=6）和生长慢速对照组（饲喂标准饲粮，LBW-100%，n=6）；预饲期7 d，正饲期30 d，试验结束后称重并采集血液，屠宰后采集尾部脂肪。检测血液TG、CK、TSH、T3、T4、S.S、GH、INS、PG、Leptin含量或活性及尾部脂肪Leptin mRNA和蛋白表达量，并观察尾部脂肪细胞形态学变化。结果显示，HBW-100%和LBW-100%组初体重与末体重均差异显著（P<0.05），HBW-75%和HBW-100%组初体重与末体重均无显著差异（P>0.05）；LBW-100%和LBW-125%组初体重差异显著（P<0.05），末体重无显著差异（P>0.05）。LBW-100%组的T4、S.S、Leptin、TSH、T3含量显著低于HBW-100%组（P<0.05）；LBW-125%组T3含量显著高于LBW-100%组（P<0.05）；HBW-75%组GH、PG和Leptin含量显著低于HBW-100%组（P<0.05）。LBW-125%组尾部脂肪细胞面积大于LBW-100%组，HBW-75%组小于HBW-100%组（P<0.05）。Leptin mRNA和蛋白表达量检测结果表明，HBW-100%组的Leptin mRNA表达量与LBW-100%组无显著差异（P>0.05），Leptin蛋白表达量极显著高于LBW-100%组（P<0.01）。LBW-125%组Leptin mRNA和蛋白的表达量均显著高于LBW-100%组（P<0.05）。HBW-75%组Leptin mRNA的表达量极显著低于HBW-100%组（P<0.01），Leptin蛋白表达量显著低于HBW-100%组（P<0.05）。综上所述，生长快速组与生长慢速组中，Leptin的表达量与体重和体脂有一定关联；在生长慢速组促进生长后体重和体脂显著增加，Leptin的表达量呈上升趋势；在生长快速组抑制生长后体重和体脂减少，Leptin的表达呈下降趋势。改变生长速度对Leptin的表达量会产生影响，从而改变机体的脂肪沉积状况。     

新疆与美国早实核桃(Juglans regia L.)品种生长结实与成花特性比较

以引进的美国核桃品种‘维纳’、‘艾米格’和新疆本地品种‘温185’和‘新新2号’为试材,研究分析不同品种的植物学和生物学特性、花芽分化过程以及相关成花基因的表达。结果显示:4个品种在树体生长、枝芽发育特性、物侯期以及成花率和坐果率方面没有明显差异。在结果枝同一坐果部位形成双果、三果或以上的能力‘新新2号’明显强于‘维纳’,但‘新新2号’的果实大小和单果重都低于‘维纳’,而‘维纳’平均结果母枝上形成侧花芽的数量和坐果率高于‘新新2号’。从萌芽到开花结束直至当年侧芽发育过程中‘维纳’混合芽中的JrFT和JrLFY基因表达也高于‘新新2号’,而同时期的JrFLC基因表达则相对较低,说明‘维纳’在花芽分化和花器官形成过程中通过高表达JrFT和JrLFY基因,低表达JrFLC基因促进结果母枝上形成大量侧花芽,并利用大量侧花芽抽生结果枝坐果,形成较大的果实,使得最终产量并不低于同一个坐果部位大量着生2个或多个果实的‘新新2号’品种。     

How do timing,duration, and intensity of drought stress affect the agronomic performance of winter rye?

Winter rye (Secale cereale L.) will be especially affected by drought induced yield losses in Central and Eastern Europe in the future because it is predominantly cultivated on low-fertile soils with a poor water-holding capacity. In order to examine the performance of winter rye under different drought conditions, field experiments were carried out during the years 2011, 2012, and 2013 near Braunschweig, Germany. Two sets of genotypes were tested under severe, mild, pre-anthesis, and post-anthesis drought stress in rain-out shelters as well as under rainfed and well-watered conditions. The grain, straw, and total above ground biomass yields, harvest index, grain yield components, leaf area index (LAI), and phenological characteristics were examined, as well as phenotypic correlations between grain yield and further characteristics. Drought induced grain yield reduction ranged from 14 to 57%, while straw yield and harvest index were lesser affected by drought than the grain yield. Under drought conditions, fully ripe was reached up to twelve days earlier than under non water-limited conditions. Pre-anthesis drought mainly reduced spikes m⁻² and kernels spike⁻¹ while drought during grain filling reduced the 1000-kernel weight (TKW) only. The grain yield was positively associated with straw yield, spikes m⁻², and kernels spike⁻¹ under water limited conditions while the TWK was only positively associated with grain yield under drought during grain filling. Consequently, high pre-anthesis biomass as well as high numbers of spikes m⁻² and kernels spike⁻¹ are especially important for obtaining high grain yields under water-limited conditions. Focusing on these traits is, therefore, recommendable for developing drought tolerant rye genotypes.     

Heavy Metals Residues in Soil,Feed and Beef of the Cattle Industry in Yili area of Xinjiang

In order to understand the situation of heavy metal residues of the beef industry chain in Yili area of Xinjiang.The heavy metals (Pb, As, Hg, Cr and Cd) in soil, feed and beef of the cattle farm were determined using the atomic absorption spectrometry.The results showed that the heavy metal (Pb, As, Hg, Cr and Cd)contents in soil samples were 0.03-0.20, 3.87-8.30, 0.15-0.23, 0.09-0.48 and 0.41-0.86 mg/kg, respectively.The heavy metal (Pb, As, Hg, Cr and Cd) contents in feed samples were 3.01-18.09, 75.35-94.27, 19.65-24.37, 0.06-1.04 and 1.81-8.46 μg/kg, respectively.The heavy metal (Pb, As, Hg, Cr and Cd) contents in beef samples were 0.23-0.54, 1.22-7.12, 0.28-0.53, 0.01-0.27 and 0.02-0.03 μg/kg, respectively.The correlation coefficient of the heavy metal element between soil and feed, feed and beef, soil and beef were 0.96, 0.99 and 0.98, respectively.It was concluded that the heavy metal (Pb, As, Hg, Cr and Cd) contents in soil, feed and beef of the cattle farms in Yili area did not exceed the standard and that in the soil, feed and beef had the high correlations.     

Physiological characteristics of high yield under cluster planting: photosynthesis and canopy microclimate of cotton

Cotton produces more biomass and economic yield when cluster planting pattern (three plants per hole) than in a traditional planting pattern (one plant per hole), even at similar plant densities, indicating that individual plant growth is promoted by cluster planting. The causal factors for this improved growth induced by cluster planting pattern, the light interception, canopy microclimate and photosynthetic rate of cotton were investigated in an arid region of China. The results indicated that the leaf area index and light interception were higher in cluster planting, and significantly different from those in traditional planting during the middle and late growth stages. Cotton canopy humidity at different growth stages was increased but canopy temperatures were reduced by cluster planting. In the later growth stage of cluster planting, the leaf chlorophyll content was higher and the leaf net photosynthetic rate and canopy photosynthetic rate were significantly increased in comparing with traditional planting pattern. We concluded that differences in canopy light interception and photosynthetic rate were the primary factors responsible for increased biomass production and economic yield in cluster planting compared with the traditional planting of cotton.     

不同施磷方式对海岛棉农艺性状及产量的影响

在新疆生态条件下,采用海岛棉新海35号研究同等用量3种施磷方式(犁地前全部撒施、犁地前撒施50%与作种肥施50%和全部作种肥施)对棉花农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明:施磷方式对棉花生育进程的影响较小,各处理对新海35号棉花的农艺性状没有显著性的影响,P1处理可略为提高棉花花铃期叶面积指数,其中P1处理会略提高棉花后期的干物质积累量,以P1、P2处理的方式施磷肥,棉花的单株结铃数可提高4%~7%皮棉产量可提高12%~14.8%。     

蛙皮素样肽家族及其受体氨基酸序列信息学比较分析

【目的】研究反刍动物蛙皮素样肽家族多肽及其受体的保守性。为不同动物,特别是反刍动物这2种蛙皮素样多肽及其受体蛋白抗原设计和活性多肽筛选等研究提供参考。【方法】采用生物信息分析学的方法,通过UniProt数据库比较牛的蛙皮素样肽家族胃泌素释放肽(Gastrin-releasing peptide, GRP)和神经介素B(Neuromedin B, NMB)2种多肽及其特异性受体GRP-R和NMB-R与其他动物氨基酸序列的差异性。【结果】13种动物成熟GRP多肽C-端的8个氨基酸序列完全相同,牛GRP氨基酸序列与绵羊、猪和豚鼠最高,分别为88.7%、77.8%和77.8%,与其他动物相似性低于74.1%。10种动物成熟NMB多肽C-端10个氨基酸序列完全相同。牛GRP-R与狗、马和猪等相似性最高,分别为96.1%、94.3%和94.0%,牛NMB-R与猪、人和马相似性最高,分别为92.3%、91.5%和91.0%;牛GRP-R与NMB-R相似性仅为62.2%。【结论】GRP和NMB的C-端氨基酸序列在不同动物之间均具有高度的保守性,而N-端为变化区域,且GRP-R和NMB-R氨基酸序列在动物之间保守性较高。     

Land surface temperature retrieval for arid regions based on Landsat-8 TIRS data:a case study in Shihezi,Northwest China

Scientific interest in geophysical information about land surface temperature （LST） is ever increasing, as such information provides a base for a large number of applications, including environmental and agricultural monitoring. Therefore, the research of LST retrieval has become a hot topic. Recent availability of Landsat-8 satel- lite imagery provides a new data source for LST retrieval. Hence, exploring an adaptive method with reliable ac- curacy seems to be essential. In this study, basing on features of Landsat-8 TIRS thermal infrared channels, we re-calculated parameters in the atmospheric transmittance empirical models of the existing split-window algorithm, and estimated the ground emissivity with the help of the land cover classification map of the study area. Further- more, a split-window algorithm was rebuilt by virtual of the estimation model of the updated atmospheric transmit- tance and the ground emissivity, and then a remote sensing retrieval for the LST of Shihezi city in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region of Northwest China was conducted on the basis of this modified algorithm. Finally, precision validation of the new model was implemented by using the MODIS LST products. The results showed that the LST retrieval from Landsat-8 TIRS data based on our algorithm has a higher credibility, and the retrieved LST is more consistent with the MODIS LST products. This indicated that the modified algorithm is suitable for retrieving LST with competitive accuracy. With higher resolutions, Landsat-8 TIRS data may provide more accurate observation for LST retrieval.     

自动施肥系统开发与性能测试

目的 开发一种适应于以固态水溶肥为原料的自动施肥系统,测试分析自动施肥系统性能。方法 主控机采用ARM9电路控制模块可实现对轮灌编组、预搅拌时长、施肥开始与结束时间、施肥持续时长、施肥量等参数的设置;选择以蠕动泵为注肥装置,通过变频器控制注肥泵电机功率的方式控制注肥速率,控制施肥量。对装置核心部件搅拌器额定功率、计量方式、溶肥搅拌参数、排肥速度及固液相比例等主要参数等进行设计与测试。结果 电感脉冲计量方式标准误差最大值1.26%,误差小、性价比好,确定其为本装置采用的计量方式;搅拌器以1.5 Kw额定功率、38 r/min转速搅拌、肥液浓度在1.1~1.3 g/mL、预搅拌时间30 min时,罐内各液位输出肥液浓度值差异不显著(P< 0.05),达到对肥料浓度均匀性的设计要求。结论 将施肥开始前的预搅拌时间设为30 min、搅拌转速设为38 r/min、肥液浓度不高于1.3 g/mL,输出肥液浓度有较好的均匀性,实现精准施肥。