精甲霜灵与百菌清在黄瓜和土壤中的残留降解规律研究

[目的]研究精甲霜灵与百菌清在黄瓜和土壤中的残留状况与残留降解规律,评价精甲霜灵与百菌清在黄瓜上使用的安全性,建立同时测定黄瓜和土壤中精甲霜灵与百菌清残留量的液相色谱分析方法。[方法]黄瓜和土壤中的精甲霜灵与百菌清采用乙腈溶液振荡提取,使用酸性氧化铝固相萃取小柱净化,液相色谱带二极管阵列检测器（DAD）测定,外标法定量;田间试验按照NY/T 788-2004《农药残留试验准则》进行。[结果]在添加量为0.02～2.00 mg/kg时,精甲霜灵在黄瓜和土壤中的添加平均回收率为84.7%～101.0%,变异系数为2.72%～6.46%;当添加量为0.01～1.00 mg/kg时,百菌清在黄瓜和土壤中的添加平均回收率为76.9%～95.8%,变异系数为3.36%～4.90%。精甲霜灵的最小检出量为5×10-10 g,百菌清为2×10-10 g;精甲霜灵的最低检出质量分数为0.02 mg/kg,百菌清为0.01 mg/kg。精甲霜灵和百菌清在黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解动态符合方程Ct=Coe-kt;精甲霜灵在黄瓜中的半衰期为2.8～3.2 d,在土壤中的半衰期为7.8～9.8 d;百菌清在黄瓜中的半衰期为1.3～2.1 d,在土壤中的半衰期为3.7～4.0 d。在黄瓜上施用精甲霜灵.百菌清440 g/L悬浮剂,施药剂量为推荐用量990 g a.i/hm2和推荐用量的1.5倍1 485 g a.i./hm2,施药3～4次,末次施药1 d后黄瓜中的精甲霜灵残留量低于联合国食品法典委员会（CAC）规定的最大残留限量值（MRL）0.5 mg/kg,百菌清残留量低于CAC规定的MRL值5.0mg/kg。[结论]精甲霜灵.百菌清440 g/L悬浮剂按推荐剂量施用,1 d后收获的黄瓜食用安全。     

香蕉弯孢霉叶斑病菌生物学特性及对杀菌剂敏感性研究

香蕉弯孢霉叶斑病菌［Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed］适合生长的培养基有PSA、PDA和OMA;菌落生长、产孢和孢子萌发最适宜的温度为25～30 ℃,pH要求不严格为5～9;在碳源和氮源中,蔗糖、葡萄糖、尿素、磷酸氢二氨和硝酸钠有利于病菌生长和产孢;分生孢子萌发对湿度有严格的要求,RH≥80%以上分生孢子萌发,随湿度增加萌发率增高;光照对菌丝体无显著影响,光暗交替有利于孢子的形成; 孢子致死温度为55 ℃(10 min)。药物敏感性测定结果表明,6%戊唑醇微乳剂、25%丙环唑乳油、25%咪鲜胺水乳剂、25%戊唑醇乳油和25%苯醚甲环唑乳油对香蕉弯孢霉叶斑病菌菌丝生长均有较好的抑制效果,其中25%咪鲜胺水乳剂和25%苯醚甲环唑乳油的抑菌效果最好。     

A newly devised electric field screen for avoidance and capture of cigarette beetles and vinegar flies

A bifunctional electric field screen was proposed to physically exclude insect pests from warehouses. The screen consists of insulated iron wires (ICW) arranged in parallel and two earthed conductor nets placed on both sides of the ICW. A negative charge (0.1-8.0 kV) was applied to the insulated wires with a voltage generator to polarize an insulator sleeve used to cover the wire, negatively on the outer surface and positively on the inner conductor wire surface of the sleeve. The negative surface charge of the ICW caused an electrostatic induction in the earthed nets and an opposite charge on the net surfaces facing the ICW. An electric field formed in a space between the ICW and the earthed net, and the field strength increased in direct proportion to increasing voltages applied to the ICW. Adults of the test insects (cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne) and vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster)) reaching the outer surface of the earthed net were deterred from entering the inside of the charged screen, whereas all insects immediately passed through the screen when the ICW was not charged. This avoidance was directly proportional to the increase in the voltage. In addition, the capability of the screen to capture insects that enter inside the screen was proven by introducing insects into the space between the ICW and the earthed net. Strong capture was observed when the ICW was negatively charged with more than 4.1 kV, under which conditions a short-term electric current (peaking at 0.3-0.6 μA, for 3 min) occurred transiently. This electric current was due to the release of electricity from the insects, giving a net overall positive charge to the insects, which therefore were attracted more strongly to the negatively charged ICW. A test using an attractant-set chamber showed that the insects were completely prevented from passing through the charged screen, in contrast to a rapid transfer of all insects when the screen was not charged. Thus, the present results show that the described screen is a promising physical tool for controlling insect pests in warehouses.     

Ceratocystis platani is killing plane trees in Istanbul (Turkey)

Ceratocystis platani was detected at several locations in the European side of Istanbul, causing severe dieback and mortality, mainly on Platanus × acerifolia imported from Italy approximately 160 years ago, but also on Platanus orientalis. In the work reported here, the causal agent of the dieback and mortality was identified based on morphological characteristics in culture and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, confirming the presence of C. platani in Turkey. All analysed C. platani isolates from Istanbul shared the same ITS sequence with European C. platani strains available in the NCBI, but differed from other species previously ascribed to the Ceratocystis fimbriata species complex. Pathogenicity of C. platani was proven by inoculation onto 25‐cm‐long and 4–9 mm diam. P. orientalis twigs and the causal agent reisolated from symptomatic tissues. In a survey of 976 Platanus in streets and parks of Istanbul, 26.5% of trees showed symptoms of C. platani infections, whilst 5.6% were dead. The proportion of symptomatic trees was higher where management interventions, such as topping or pruning and felling infected trees had been carried out.     

Genetic diversity of the myrtle rust pathogen (Austropuccinia psidii) in the Americas and Hawaii: Global implications for invasive threat assessments

Since the myrtle rust pathogen (Austropuccinia psidii) was first reported (as Puccinia psidii) in Brazil on guava (Psidium guajava) in 1884, it has been found infecting diverse myrtaceous species. Because A. psidii has recently spread rapidly worldwide with an extensive host range, genetic and genotypic diversities were evaluated within and among A. psidii populations in its putative native range and other areas of myrtle rust emergence in the Americas and Hawaii. Microsatellite markers revealed several unique multilocus genotypes (MLGs), which grouped isolates into nine distinct genetic clusters [C1–C9 comprising C1: from diverse hosts from Costa Rica, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and USA‐Hawaii, and USA‐California; C2: from eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) in Brazil/Uruguay and rose apple (Syzygium jambos) in Brazil; C3: from eucalypts in Brazil; C4: from diverse hosts in USA‐Florida; C5: from Java plum (Syzygium cumini) in Brazil; C6: from guava and Brazilian guava (Psidium guineense) in Brazil; C7: from pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) in Brazil; C8: from allspice (Pimenta dioica) in Jamaica and sweet flower (Myrrhinium atropurpureum) in Uruguay; C9: from jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) in Brazil]. The C1 cluster, which included a single MLG infecting diverse host in many geographic regions, and the closely related C4 cluster are considered as a “Pandemic biotype,” associated with myrtle rust emergence in Central America, the Caribbean, USA‐Florida, USA‐Hawaii, Australia, China‐Hainan, New Caledonia, Indonesia and Colombia. Based on 19 bioclimatic variables and documented occurrences of A. psidii contrasted with reduced sets of specific genetic clusters (subnetworks, considered as biotypes), maximum entropy bioclimatic modelling was used to predict geographic locations with suitable climate for A. psidii which are at risk from invasion. The genetic diversity of A. psidii throughout the Americas and Hawaii demonstrates the importance of recognizing biotypes when assessing the invasive threats posed by A. psidii around the globe.     

当前中国木薯种植业所面临的主要植保问题及其对策

木薯是中国热区重要的经济作物之一,相关产业在当地占有重要地位。近年来,重要病虫草害在中国木薯种植区频繁发生,已经成为相关产业发展的限制性因素之一。本文介绍了当前中国木薯种植中的病虫草害为害现状并提出了相应的对策。     

土壤熏蒸剂研究进展

土壤熏蒸剂可有效防治土传病虫害,但效果最好的熏蒸剂溴甲烷由于破坏臭氧层,已被禁止用在农业上(必要用途豁免除外)。碘甲烷、氯化苦、异硫氰酸甲酯、1,3-二氯丙烯、二甲基二硫、硫酰氟、棉隆及威百亩是国际上已经登记使用的土壤熏蒸剂;甲酸乙酯、乙二腈、糠醛、丙烯醛是有希望开发为新的土壤熏蒸剂品种。国内已经商品化的土壤熏蒸剂品种有4种,分别为氯化苦、威百亩、棉隆和硫酰氟,二甲基二硫正在登记当中。本文系统综述了上述熏蒸剂在应用、环境行为等方面的研究进展,在未来一段时间内,氯化苦、棉隆及威百亩将会占据着国内土壤熏蒸剂的主要市场。二甲基二硫的登记也将会改善国内熏蒸剂品种匮乏的局面。     

Management of bakanae and bacterial seedling blight diseases in nurseries by irradiating rice seeds with atmospheric plasma

The control of seedborne rice seedling diseases in the seed beds is important to avoid epidemics in rice nurseries and paddies, which may result in severe yield loss. Recently, irradiation with plasma containing electrons, creating positive or negative ions and neutral species, has been shown to have an antimicrobial effect, probably via generation of reactive oxygen species. This study examines whether two seedborne rice seedling diseases, bakanae disease caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi, and bacterial seedling blight caused by Burkholderia plantarii, are suppressed by irradiation of infected rice seeds with atmospheric plasma. Seed germination and seedling growth were not inhibited in plasma‐treated healthy seeds. When F. fujikuroi‐infected rice seeds were irradiated with plasma after being immersed in sterile distilled water, bakanae disease severity index and the percentage of plants with symptoms were reduced to 18.1% and 7.8% of non‐irradiated control, respectively, depending on the duration of plasma irradiation. The bacterial seedling blight disease index was also reduced by plasma irradiation in vacuum‐inoculated seeds to 38.6% of the non‐irradiated control, and in infected seeds harvested from spray‐inoculated heads of rice plants to 40.1% of the control. Therefore, plasma irradiation seems to be effective in controlling two independent seedborne rice seedling diseases.     

不同温度条件下红颈常室茧蜂蛹和成虫过冷却点和结冰点的测定

通过比较不同温度下红颈常室茧蜂Peristenus spretus Chen et van Achterberg蛹、雌蜂、雄蜂以及不同日龄的滞育蛹的过冷却点和结冰点,以明确红颈常室茧蜂蛹、成虫和滞育蛹耐寒能力的差异。结果表明:蛹的过冷却点和结冰点均显著低于成虫、滞育蛹的过冷却点和结冰点均显著低于非滞育蛹;相同温度下,雄蜂和雌蜂之间的过冷却点、结冰点差异不显著;滞育蛹的过冷却点和结冰点随着滞育时间延长而逐渐降低,在滞育150d时,其过冷却点和结冰点最低,分别为(-23.36±0.60)℃与(-22.92±0.65)℃。该研究结果有助于推测此蜂在我国的越冬分布区,并对其大规模繁殖和滞育蛹的保存具有重要的实用价值。